Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 most common elements in organic molecules

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. phosphorous
  6. sulphur
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2
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of cells with interconnected function

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3
Q

Define organ

A

Structures consisting of at least two tissue types which perform a specific function related to the whole body

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4
Q

What are organ systems?

A

Groups of organs performing related functions allowing maintenance of homeostasis

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5
Q

What is the general physiology of cells?

A
  1. Respiration to make ATP
  2. Exchange gasses
  3. Divide and grow
  4. Secrete useful/important proteins
  5. Communicate with other cells
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6
Q

What features are in the general anatomy of cells?

A
  1. Phospholipid cell membrane
  2. Membrane bound organelles and nucleus
  3. Cytoskeleton
  4. Cytoplasm/cytosol
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6
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

The site where ribosomes are made and transported out into the cytoplasm

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6
Q

What are the functions of the phospholipid bilayer?

A
  1. Control movement of substances in and out
  2. Keep atoms and molecules at optimum conc. in and out of cell
  3. Needed by all cells to perform specialised function
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7
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer permeable to?

A
  1. Water
  2. Small molecules (e.g. gasses)
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8
Q

What is the phospholipid bilayer impermeable to?

A
  1. Ions - repelled by hydrophobic fatty acids
  2. Large molecules (e.g. glucose)
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9
Q

What are the roles of membrane proteins?

A
  1. Control transport of ions/larger molecules in and out of cell
  2. Intercellular communication
  3. Let cells respond to stimuliW
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10
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Substances in our diet which dissolve/disassociate into their ionic forms in water, allowing us to have the ions our body needs for functioning

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11
Q

What are the 4 important ions in cellular physiology?

A
  1. Sodium (Na+)
  2. Calcium (Ca+)
  3. Potassium (K+)
  4. Bicarbonate (HCO3)
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12
Q

What is the role of sodium in the body?

A
  1. Maintaining extracellular fluid volume
  2. Regulating membrane potential of cells (needed for neuron excitability)
    Main;y extracellular
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13
Q

What is the role of potassium in the body?

A

Regulating membrane potential of cells (needed for repolarisation)
Mainly intracellular

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13
Q

What is the role of calcium in the body?

A
  1. Skeletal mineralisation
  2. Muscle contraction
  3. Synaptic transmission
  4. Blood clotting
    Mainly extracellular
14
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in the body

A
  1. Buffer to keep pH neutral for most cell reactions to occur by binding to excess hydrogen ions produced in cellular reactions
    Mainly extracellular
15
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

Changes in ion conc. leading to water being drawn into or out of a cell

16
Q

What is CFTR

A

Defect in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator protein resulting in cystic fibrosis by preventing Cl- moving out of the cell, so water moves in by osmosis and mucus on cell surface membrane dries up

16
Q

What are the different types of intercellular signalling?

A
  1. Endocrine signalling
  2. Paracrine signalling (nearby cell)
  3. Autocrine signalling (targets itself)
  4. Synaptic signalling
  5. Cell membrane protein signalling (direct contact)
17
Q

What happens in intracellular signaling?

A

Receptor on cell surface sends signal to nucleus to switch on genes
Can be targeted by drugs (e.g. in tumour growth)