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Biomed > Tissues > Flashcards

Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Define tissue

A

Groups of cells with similar structures that act together to perform a specific function

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2
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Nervous tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Connective tissue
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3
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Membranes that line body cavities and tracts
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4
Q

What is the function of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Dense cellular sheet for covering/protecting/lining cavities and tracts
  2. Forms skin
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5
Q

What are the features of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Strong connections between cells
  2. No blood supply (rely on extracellular tissue fluid)
  3. Supported by basal lamina complex
  4. Can form glands to secrete various substances
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6
Q

What are the six different types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium (thin delicate sheet lining alveoli of lungs with no barrier to gaseous diffusion)
  2. Stratified squamous epithelium - can withstand abrasion and forces (e.g. vocal cords, oral cavity, skin)
  3. Simple columnar epithelium (small bronchioles)
  4. Psuedostratified columnar epithelium - single layer appearing to be multiple layers because the nuclei are at different levels (e.g. respiratory tract, middle ear)
  5. SImple/stratified cuboidal (kidney nephrons)
  6. Glands - single epithelial cells (goblet) or groups forming a duct or gland
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7
Q

Where is nervous tissue found?

A

CNS and PNS

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8
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

Transmit information

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9
Q

What are the different cell types in nervous tissue?

A
  1. neuron
  2. glial cells
  3. microglial cells - immune function
  4. astrocyte - support, repair, homeostasis
  5. ependymal - production and flow of CSF, brain metabolism, waste clearance
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10
Q

What are the different types of glial cell?

A
  1. Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin sheath in CNS
  2. Schwann cells - form myelin sheath in PNS
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11
Q

Where is muscle tissue found?

A
  1. attached to skeleton
  2. blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, uterus, reproductive tracts, eye, hair on skin
  3. myocardial layer of heart wall
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12
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A
  1. contraction
  2. produce body movement
  3. heat generation (shivering)
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13
Q

What are the different types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Cardiac muscle
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14
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A
  1. voluntary contraction
  2. striated appearance
  3. attached to skeleton
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15
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  1. involuntary contraction
  2. non-striated
  3. blood vessels, GI tract, bladder, uterus and reproductive tract, eye, hairs on skin
  4. autonomic control
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16
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  1. involuntary contraction
  2. heart contractions
  3. autonomic control
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17
Q

Where is connective tissue found?

A
  1. component of all major tissues
  2. most abundant type in body
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18
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A
  1. Supportive tissue (basal lamina, bundles of nerves and muscle fibres, outer layer of blood vessel, space between organs)
  2. musculoskeletal system (bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments
  3. fat storage and deposition
  4. some immune function
18
Q

What cell types are in the general structure of connective tissue?

A
  1. fibroblasts - produce fibres
  2. adipocytes - store fat
  3. osteoblasts - build bone
  4. immune cells
19
Q

What is the general structure of connective tissue?

A
  1. cells create fibres and matrix to form extracellular material around themselves
  2. most fibres are collagen and elastic fibres
  3. extracellular mix may be solid (bone), gel-like, or liquid
  4. minimal blood supply
20
Q

Give 7 examples of connective tissue

A
  1. ligaments and tendons - dense fibrous tissue
  2. adipose tissue - fat cells
  3. areolar tissue - loose connective tissue (skin dermis)
  4. bone
  5. cartilage
  6. lymphoid tissue
  7. blood
21
Q

What are the properties of cartilage?

A
  1. great compressive and tensile strength
  2. not as strong as bone, but more resilient and elastic
  3. smooth - can give covering for bones to reduce friction
22
Q

What are the 3 types of catilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Fibrocartilage
  3. Elastic cartilage
23
Q

What are the features of hyaline cartilage?

A
  1. smooth, glassy, blue/white
  2. widely distributed
  3. covers bone at end for low friction
  4. used in synovial joints
24
Q

What are the features of fibrocartilage?

A

collagen fibres cushion between bones and vertebral discs

25
Q

What are the features of elastic cartilage?

A
  1. many elastin fibres in extracellular matrix
  2. lots of flexibility
  3. larynx, epiglottis, nose, outer ear
26
Q

What are the functions of bone?

A
  1. Support and leverage
  2. Protection
  3. Store of calcium
  4. Houses bone marrow - source of red blood cells
27
Q

What is the general composition of bone?

A
  1. Extracellular matrix is main component
  2. Extracellular matrix is made of collagen to give strength and resilience
  3. Inorganic crystals of calcium hydroxyapatite is deposited in the matrix (calcification) to give hardness and rigidity
28
Q

What are the different types of bone?

A
  1. Compact bone (cortical bone)
  2. Spongy bone (trabecular bone, cancellous bone)
29
Q

What is compact bone?

A
  1. The outer layer of bones
  2. Dense and hard
30
Q

What is spongy bone?

A
  1. Inner area of bone
  2. Has trabiculae (spicules, bony spikes) and airspaces
  3. Provides maximum strength with minimum weight
  4. Spaces filled with red or yellow bone marrow
31
Q

What are the two ways bones can be formed?

A
  1. endochondral ossification
  2. intramembranous ossification
32
Q

How does endochondral ossification happen?

A
  1. cartilage template is formed first and then gradually replaced by bone
  2. growth can only occur at the growth plates
33
Q

What bones are formed by intramembranous ossification?

A
  1. Cranial vault
  2. Facial skeleton
  3. Clavicle
34
Q

What are the different types of cells in bone?

A
  1. Osteocytes
  2. Osteoclasts
  3. Osteoblasts
  4. Osteogenic cell
35
Q

What do osteocytes do?

A

Maintenance

36
Q

What do osteoclasts do?

A

Bone reabsorption (breaking down)

37
Q

What do osteoblasts do?

A

Bone forming

38
Q

What do osteogenic cells do?

A

They are stem cells

39
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Synovial and non-synovial

40
Q

What are features of synovial joints?

A
  1. freely mobile
  2. articular surfaces (move over each other) covered with hyaline/articular cartilage
  3. lubricated by synovial fluid produced by synovial membrane
  4. surrounded by capsule and ligaments
  5. innervated for proprioception
  6. vary in stability and mobility
41
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Ability to detect position and movement from innervation

42
Q

What are features of non-synovial joints?

A
  1. slight/no movement
  2. bones are connected by fibrocartilage or fibrous tissue

Biomed (30 decks)

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