Phonation Flashcards

1
Q

Define phonation

A

The production of sound by modulating the movement of air through the vocal cords of the larynx

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2
Q

Why is phonation needed?

A

to produce the vowels and voiced consonants which make up 2/3rds of the english language

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3
Q

What are the conditions for phonation?

A
  1. flow of air from lungs
  2. adduction of vocal folds
  3. tension in vocal folds
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4
Q

What is the aerodynamic myoelastic theory?

A
  1. air comes up from lungs
  2. vocal folds adduct
  3. subglottal pressure builds until it exceeds force of muscle tension used to adduct vocal folds
  4. small amount of air rushes through vocal folds and sublottal pressure falls again
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5
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

High velocity air or liquid causes low pressure, which pushes/pulls objects
The rush of air escaping the vocal folds at high velocity causes low pressure, sucking the vocal folds back in together

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6
Q

What is the complex pattern of vocal fold movement?

A
  1. vocal folds open and close from bottom up
  2. complex vibration along length resulting in fundamental frequency and formants
  3. causes small puffs of air to be released in the vocal tract
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7
Q

Which muscles adduct the vocal folds?

A
  1. interarytenoids
  2. lateral cricoarytenoid muscles
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8
Q

What are the variants in voicing?

A
  1. frequency
  2. intensity
  3. quality
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9
Q

Define frequency

A

Number of vibrations per second, affecting what we perceive as pitch

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10
Q

How is frequency range determined?

A

By the resting length and thickness of vocal folds

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11
Q

Alterations in pitch depend on which parameters?

A
  1. length (max elongation about an extra 20%)
  2. thickness (can change by factor of 2)
  3. tension
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12
Q

How does length affect pitch?

A

increase length = increased pitch

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13
Q

How does thickness effect pitch?

A

increase thickness = decreased pitch

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14
Q

How does tension affect pitch?

A

increase tension = higher number of vibrations = increased pitch

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15
Q

What happens if you change one parameter of pitch?

A

the other 2 also change

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16
Q

Which muscles change length and thickness of vocal folds?

A
  1. thyroarytenoids
  2. vocalis
  3. cricoarytenoids = thyroarytenoids if they cintract isometrically
17
Q

Define intensity

A

perceived loudness

18
Q

What is typical intensity?

A
  1. normal speech varies over 30 decibels
  2. a shout can reach 70 decibels
19
Q

What causes increased intensity?

A
  1. increased subglottal pressure (each doubling increases intensity by around 10 decibels)
  2. vocal folds are blown apart quicker with more force
  3. vocal folds must then close for longer to dissapate the extra energy
20
Q

Which muscles are used to alter intensity?

A
  1. interarytenoids and cricoarytenoids control subglottal pressure
  2. may also use cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid
21
Q

What can cause growths on the vocal folds?

A

direct effect of disease affecting larynx or manner of use

22
Q

What causes vocal nodes?

A

increased loudness casuses stronger adduction which causes trauma to contact points of vocal folds which can cause vocal nodes

23
Q

What organic diseases can affect voice?

A

1, thyroid hormone deficiency = thickening of vocal folds from oedema so lower pitch
2. osteoarthyritis = can affect laryngeal joints

24
Q

What neuromuscular issues can affect voice?

A

stroke, cerebellar ataxia, parkinsons

25
Q

What causes nerve palsy?

A
  1. 90% bronchial carcinoma in left lung
  2. 10% thyroid surgery
26
Q

How does laryngeal nerve palsy affect voice?

A

All muscles paralysed except arycothyroid and interarytenoids = tense partial adduction = harsh raspy voice

27
Q

How can drugs affect voice?

A

May affect neuromuscular control, cause excess mucous production which ‘thickens’ vocal folds