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biomed > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two part of the circulatory system?

A
  1. The cardiovascular system
  2. The lymphoid system
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2
Q

What does the cardiovascular system do?

A

Heart and blood vessels transport blood through pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

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3
Q

What does the lymphoid system do?

A

Lymph vessels transport excess fluid from body tissues towards the heart

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4
Q

What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Blood
  2. Heart
  3. Blood vessels
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5
Q

How much blood does the average person have?

A

5L

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6
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  1. plasma
  2. cells
  3. platelets
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7
Q

What is plasma made of?

A
  1. water
  2. plasma proteins
  3. ions
  4. glucose
  5. amino acids
  6. hormones
  7. waste
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8
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A
  1. oxygen transport
  2. clotting
  3. transport of hormones, ions, nutrients
  4. move heat around body to stabilise temp
  5. move white blood cells to site of infection
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9
Q

What are the different types of white blood cells?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Monocytes
  4. Basophils
  5. Lymphocytes
  6. Natural killer
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10
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A

White blood cells which engulf pathogens

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11
Q

What do Eosinophils do?

A

White blood cells involved in allergic reactions

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12
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

White blood cells which engulf pathogens/debris

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13
Q

What do basophils do?

A

White blood cells which engulf large parasitic pathogens

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14
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

White blood cells involved in adaptive immune response and production of antibodies

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15
Q

What do natural killer cells do?

A

White blood cells used for surveillance (e.g. for mutated cells)

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16
Q

What goes into the right atrium?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body

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17
Q

What comes out of the right ventricle?

A

Deoxygenated blood headed for the lungs

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18
Q

What goes into the left atrium?

A

Oxygenated blood from the lungs

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19
Q

What goes out of the left ventricle?

A

Oxygenated blood transported to body

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20
Q

What brings blood to the right atrium?

A

Superior and inferior vena cava

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21
Q

What vessel transports blood out of the right ventricle?

A

Right and left branches of the pulmonary artery

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22
Q

What blood vessel brings blood from lungs to left atrium?

A

Pulmonary veins

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23
Q

What blood vessel brings blood to body from left ventricle?

A

Aorta

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24
Q

What do valves do?

A

Open and close in response to the pressure of blood as it is moved through the heart to maintain unidirectional flow of blood

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25
Q

What are the four valves of the heart?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Pulmonary valve
  3. Mitral valve
  4. Aortic valve
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26
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between the right atrium and right ventricle

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27
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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28
Q

Where is the mitral valve?

A

Between the left atrium and left ventricle

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29
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and aorta

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30
Q

How does the heart contract?

A
  1. Sino-Atrial node (SAN) acts as natural pacemaker
  2. fires impulses 60-80bpm at rest without depending on CNS
  3. impulse causes contraction of atria, then contractions of ventricle
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31
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do to heart rate?

A

Speed it up (using sympathetic cardiac nerves)

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32
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do to heart rate?

A

Slows it down (using vagus nerve)

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33
Q

How long does it take for blood to complete a circuit of pulmonary and systemic circulations?

A

Approx. 1 min

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34
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels?

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Arterioles
  3. Capillaries
  4. Venules
  5. Veins
35
Q

What is the common 3-layer structure of blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
36
Q

What is the tunica intima?

A

The internal layer of a blood vessel made up of a smooth later of squamous epithelial cells (endothelium) on a base of collagen

37
Q

What is the tunica media?

A

The middle of the three layers of the blood vessel structure made of smooth muscle to allow contraction to increase blood pressure

38
Q

What is the tunica externa?

A

The outer layer of the blood vessel which protects it

39
Q

What is different about the structure of capillaries compared to other blood vessels?

A

Only have tunica intima layer

40
Q

What are the functions and features of arteries and arterioles?

A

Carry blood away from heart to organs
Have thick walls to withstand high blood pressure from heart

41
Q

What are the two types of arteries?

A
  1. large (elastic)
  2. medium/small (muscular)
42
Q

What are the functions and features of veins and venules?

A
  1. Carry low pressure blood back to heart
  2. less smooth muscle and elastin than arteries
  3. veins have valves, venules do not
43
Q

What are capillaries made of?

A

Single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane

44
Q

What is the role of capillaries?

A

Transport blood throughout tissues to supply with oxygen and nutrients

45
Q

What are the functional features of capillaries?

A
  1. thin wall for diffusion of substances
  2. diameter same as red blood cell (7-8μm)
46
Q

What are the different branches of the aorta?

A
  1. Ascending aorta
  2. aortic arch - curves over heart and gives branches for head neck and arms
  3. thoracic aorta - down through chest
  4. abdominal aorta - begins at diaphragm then divides into right and left iliac arteries
47
Q

Which blood vessel do most organs receive blood from?

A

A descending branch of the aorta

48
Q

What are the coronary arteries?

A

Branch off ascending aorta to provide oxygen and nutrients to heart muscle

49
Q

What is atheroscleoris?

A

formation of hard, fatty plaques

50
Q

What happens if an end artery is blocked or damaged?

A

Blood supply to the tissue/organ is compromised and there is no alternative vessel to provide blood

51
Q

What are anastamoses?

A

An artery’s alternative route for blood

52
Q

What vessels supply blood to the brain?

A
  1. Right and left carotid arteries
  2. Vertebral arteries
53
Q

Define blood pressure

A

The pressure that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

54
Q

Define systolic blood pressure

A

Maximum pressure within the large arteries when the heart muscles contract

55
Q

Define diastolic blood pressure

A

Lowest pressure within large arteries during heart muscle relaxation

56
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A
  1. Cardiac output
  2. Peripheral vascular resistance
    If either increase, blood pressure will also increase
57
Q

Define cardiac output

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart in one minute

58
Q

How is cardiac output calculated?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

59
Q

Define stroke volume

A

Amount of blood pumped out of left ventricle in one contraction

60
Q

Define peripheral vascular resistance

A

The resistance to blood flow in the arterioles

61
Q

When is there high peripheral vascular resistance?

A

In vasoconstriction - sympathetic stimulation causes constrictions and decreased diameter causes increased PVR so blood pressure increases

62
Q

When is there low peripheral vascular resistance?

A

In vasodilation - reduction in sympathetic stimulation increases diameter which decreases PVR, leading to lower blood pressure

63
Q

Where are baroreceptors found?

A

In carotid arteries and aorta

64
Q

What happens if baroreceptors detect a high stretch?

A

This means blood pressure is high, to the brain slows the heart and causes vasodilation of arterioles

65
Q

What happens if baroreceptors detect low stretch?

A

This means blood pressure is low, so the brain speeds up the heart and causes vasoconstriction of arterioles

66
Q

What are the effects of high blood pressure?

A
  1. damage to endothelial lining of arteries increasing the risk of atherosclerotic plaques and blood clots
  2. left ventricular hypertrophy
  3. aneurysms
  4. damage to blood vessels in eye
  5. chronic kidney disease
67
Q

What is and Ischaemic stroke?

A

85% of all strokes
A blood clot forms from a ruptures atherosclerotic plaque, blocking blood flow to an area of the brain

68
Q

What is a transient ischaemic attack?

A

a temporary occlusion in an artery where the clot dissolves by itself

69
Q

What is a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Damage to blood vessels leads to leakage of blood into surrounding brain tissue

70
Q

What is left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)?

A

Heart must contract more to push blood through a high pressure system leading to thickening of the left ventricle

71
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

Thinning and bulging of arteries

72
Q

What are the components of tissue fluid?

A

water, glucose, fatty acids, salt, oxygen

73
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure in the capillary due to the heart pumping blood through the arteries

74
Q

How is tissue fluid formed?

A
  1. nutrients and oxygen dissolved in water (not hormones) are pushed out of the capillary through small gaps between endothelial cells due to blood pressure
  2. Because the water has moved out, the blood gets more concentrated at the venous end because still has red blood cells and proteins
  3. More water in tissue fluid than blood so water moves back by osmosis, and CO2 and urea also diffuses into blood
75
Q

What happens to excess tissue fluid?

A

Taken up by lymphatic system and returned to heart

76
Q

What is lymph made up of?

A
  1. Tissue fluids
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Lipids from digestion
77
Q

What do the lymph nodes do?

A

The lymph passes through them on the way to the heart so they can filter the lymph and detect pathogens

78
Q

Where does the lymph rejoin the circulatory system?

A

thoracic duct empties lymph from upper and lower body and left side into the left subclavian vein
right lymphatic duct empties lymph from right upper body into right subclavian vein

79
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Small organs of the lymphoid system made mostly of lymphocytes which detect pathogens or antigens in lymph

80
Q

What is lymphadenopathy?

A

Swollen lymph nodes usually due to local infections, upper respiratory infections, TB, HIV, and rarely due to cancer

81
Q

What causes inflammation?

A

Damage to tissue

82
Q

What happens in the vascular response?

A

Vasodilation occurs bringing immune cells, and the endothelial cell layer becomes leaky

83
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. heat - extra blood arriving
  2. swelling - more fluid moving out into tissues by hydrostatic pressure carrying immune cells
  3. redness - extra blood flow
  4. pain - due to stimulation of nearby neurons

biomed (30 decks)

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