Chronic Diseases Flashcards
What is angina pectoris and how does it manifest?
Chronic Diseases
Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often feeling like pressure or squeezing in the chest.
Describe the symptoms of congestive heart failure.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling (edema), worsening breathing when lying flat (orthopnea), and fatigue.
What are the two types of heart failure and their characteristics?
Chronic Diseases
Systolic heart failure involves decreased pumping function, and diastolic heart failure involves a thickened and stiff heart muscle.
Identify the main symptoms of coronary artery disease.
Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.
What are common symptoms of Type II diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of cuts and wounds.
Explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
Chronic Diseases
Arteriosclerosis is the loss of elasticity and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within arterial walls.
What is bronchiectasis, and what are its symptoms?
Chronic Diseases
Bronchiectasis is a condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs are permanently widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus and symptoms like chronic cough and breathing difficulties.
Describe the characteristics and symptoms of emphysema.
Chronic Diseases
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes breathlessness, typically due to damaged alveoli associated with smoking.
What is cor pulmonale and its primary cause?
Chronic Diseases
Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart fails due to increased pulmonary artery pressure, typically caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension.
Identify the symptoms and causes of jugular vein distention.
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include visible bulging of the neck veins, often caused by conditions like heart failure or superior vena cava obstruction.
What is bronchitis and its primary symptoms?
Chronic Diseases
Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, with symptoms including persistent cough, chest congestion, and breathing difficulties.
Explain pulmonary hypertension and its impact on the heart.
Chronic Diseases
Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs’ arteries, leading to right ventricular failure over time.
What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes?
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases, confusion or coma.
What does the ejection fraction (EF) indicate in heart diagnostics?
Chronic Diseases
EF measures the percentage of blood leaving the heart each beat; low values indicate potential heart failure.
Describe the symptoms and risk factors of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).
Chronic Diseases
Symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, with risk factors including smoking and long-term exposure to irritants.
What are common treatment options for angina pectoris?
Chronic Diseases
Treatments include lifestyle modifications, medication (like nitroglycerin), and procedures such as angioplasty to restore blood flow.
How is congestive heart failure typically managed?
Chronic Diseases
Management includes medication (e.g., diuretics, ACE inhibitors), lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, devices like ventricular assist devices or transplants.
What medications are commonly prescribed for managing hypertension?
Chronic Diseases
Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used.
Describe the treatment approach for Type II diabetes.
Chronic Diseases
Treatment includes lifestyle interventions, blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, and oral medications to enhance insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production.
What interventions are effective for atherosclerosis?
Chronic Diseases
Interventions include statins to lower cholesterol, antiplatelet drugs to prevent clots, and surgical options like angioplasty or artery bypass.
What are key components of cardiac rehabilitation?
Chronic Diseases
Cardiac rehabilitation may include structured exercise, dietary counseling, risk factor management (like smoking cessation and weight control), and education on heart health.