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DPT 693 - Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What supplies blood to the heart itself?

  • a) Coronary artery branching off from the aorta
  • b) Coronary vein branching off from the pulmonary artery
  • c) Arterioles supplying blood to the heart
  • d) Capillaries connecting the heart to the lungs

Cardiovascular System

A

What supplies blood to the heart itself?

  • a) Coronary artery branching off from the aorta
  • b) Coronary vein branching off from the pulmonary artery
  • c) Arterioles supplying blood to the heart
  • d) Capillaries connecting the heart to the lungs

  • The coronary artery branches off from the aorta and supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
  • Options b, c, and d do not accurately describe the blood supply to the heart.
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1
Q

Which of the following accurately describes the function of pulmonary circulation?

  • a) Delivery of blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart
  • b) Delivery of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
  • c) Carrying blood away from the heart through large vessels
  • d) Site of gas and nutrient exchange in the smallest vessels

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following accurately describes the function of pulmonary circulation?

  • a) Delivery of blood from the heart to the body and back to the heart
  • b) Delivery of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
  • c) Carrying blood away from the heart through large vessels
  • d) Site of gas and nutrient exchange in the smallest vessels

  • Pulmonary circulation specifically involves the transportation of blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then back to the heart.
  • Option a describes systemic circulation, while options c and d are inaccurate descriptions of pulmonary circulation.
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2
Q

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart undergo relaxation?

  • a) Systole
  • b) Diastole
  • c) Autorhythmicity
  • d) Syncytial contraction

Cardiovascular System

A

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart undergo relaxation?

  • a) Systole
  • b) Diastole
  • c) Autorhythmicity
  • d) Syncytial contraction

  • Diastole is the phase of the cardiac cycle where the heart chambers relax and fill with blood.
  • Systole (option a) is the contraction phase. Options c and d describe other aspects of cardiac function but do not specifically relate to the relaxation phase.
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3
Q

Which structure in the heart acts as the pacemaker for cardiac contraction?

  • a) Atrioventricular node
  • b) Purkinje fibers
  • c) Sinoatrial node
  • d) Sympathetic nerve fibers

Cardiovascular System

A

Which structure in the heart acts as the pacemaker for cardiac contraction?

  • a) Atrioventricular node
  • b) Purkinje fibers
  • c) Sinoatrial node
  • d) Sympathetic nerve fibers

  • The sinoatrial (SA) node is located in the right atrium of the heart and initiates the electrical impulses that coordinate the heartbeat.
  • Options a, b, and d are involved in the conduction of electrical impulses in the heart but do not serve as the primary pacemaker.
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4
Q

Which component of the cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying blood away from the heart?

  • a) Arteries
  • b) Arterioles
  • c) Veins
  • d) Venules

Cardiovascular System

A

Which component of the cardiovascular system is responsible for carrying blood away from the heart?

  • a) Arteries
  • b) Arterioles
  • c) Veins
  • d) Venules

  • Arteries are large vessels that carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to various parts of the body.
  • Options b, c, and d are incorrect as they describe different components of the circulatory system.
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5
Q

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one contraction?

  • a) Cardiac output
  • b) Stroke volume
  • c) End-diastolic volume
  • d) Ejection fraction

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the term for the amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle in one contraction?

  • a) Cardiac output
  • b) Stroke volume
  • c) End-diastolic volume
  • d) Ejection fraction

  • Stroke volume refers to the volume of blood ejected from a ventricle in one contraction.
  • Cardiac output (option a) is the total volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
  • End-diastolic volume (option c) and ejection fraction (option d) are related but not specifically the amount of blood pumped out in one contraction.
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6
Q

Which type of muscle tissue is primarily responsible for the forceful contraction of the heart?

  • a) Skeletal muscle
  • b) Smooth muscle
  • c) Cardiac muscle
  • d) Striated muscle

Cardiovascular System

A

Which type of muscle tissue is primarily responsible for the forceful contraction of the heart?

  • a) Skeletal muscle
  • b) Smooth muscle
  • c) Cardiac muscle
  • d) Striated muscle

  • Cardiac muscle is specifically adapted for the rhythmic and forceful contractions of the heart.
  • Options a, b, and d describe different types of muscle tissue but are not primarily responsible for the contraction of the heart.
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7
Q

What term describes the intercommunication between two arteries, ensuring blood flow to an area even if one artery is blocked?

  • a) Anastomosis
  • b) Systole
  • c) Diastole
  • d) Autorhythmicity

Cardiovascular System

A

What term describes the intercommunication between two arteries, ensuring blood flow to an area even if one artery is blocked?

  • a) Anastomosis
  • b) Systole
  • c) Diastole
  • d) Autorhythmicity

  • Anastomosis refers to the connection between two arteries, allowing alternative blood flow pathways.
  • Options b, c, and d describe phases or properties of the cardiac cycle and cardiac muscle function, but do not relate to arterial intercommunication.
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8
Q

Which of the following factors primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) Blood pressure
  • b) End-diastolic volume
  • c) Stroke volume
  • d) Afterload

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following factors primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) Blood pressure
  • b) End-diastolic volume
  • c) Stroke volume
  • d) Afterload

  • Preload is determined by the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (end-diastolic volume).
  • Options a, c, and d are incorrect as they describe different factors influencing cardiac function.
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9
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart rate?

  • a) Decreases heart rate
  • b) Increases heart rate
  • c) Has no effect on heart rate
  • d) Induces arrhythmia

Cardiovascular System

A

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the heart rate?

  • a) Decreases heart rate
  • b) Increases heart rate
  • c) Has no effect on heart rate
  • d) Induces arrhythmia

  • Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate as part of the body’s fight or flight response.
  • Option a is incorrect because sympathetic stimulation typically increases heart rate rather than decreases it.
  • Options c and d are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the effect of sympathetic stimulation on heart rate.
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10
Q

Which of the following best describes the ejection fraction (EF) in relation to cardiac function?

  • a) Ratio of available blood to pumped blood
  • b) Measure of ventricular stretch during diastole
  • c) Amount of pressure exerted by the heart during contraction
  • d) Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles per minute

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following best describes the ejection fraction (EF) in relation to cardiac function?

  • a) Ratio of available blood to pumped blood
  • b) Measure of ventricular stretch during diastole
  • c) Amount of pressure exerted by the heart during contraction
  • d) Volume of blood ejected from the ventricles per minute

  • Ejection fraction (EF) is the ratio of the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricle per contraction (stroke volume) to the volume of blood in the ventricle before contraction (end-diastolic volume).
  • Options b, c, and d do not accurately describe the ejection fraction.
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11
Q

Which of the following adaptations occurs in response to regular physical training in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Decrease in left ventricular wall thickness
  • b) Decrease in cardiac output
  • c) Increase in heart rate
  • d) Increase in left ventricular mass

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following adaptations occurs in response to regular physical training in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Decrease in left ventricular wall thickness
  • b) Decrease in cardiac output
  • c) Increase in heart rate
  • d) Increase in left ventricular mass

  • Regular physical training typically leads to an increase in left ventricular mass as an adaptation to increased workload.
  • Options a, b, and c are incorrect as they do not reflect typical adaptations to training.
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12
Q

What is the primary function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Carry blood away from the heart
  • b) Site of gas and nutrient exchange
  • c) Regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) Return blood to the heart

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Carry blood away from the heart
  • b) Site of gas and nutrient exchange
  • c) Regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) Return blood to the heart

  • Arterioles play a crucial role in regulating blood flow into capillaries, thus controlling blood pressure and distribution of blood flow to tissues.
  • Options a, b, and d are incorrect as they describe different functions of other components of the cardiovascular system.
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13
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of endurance training on ventricular volume?

  • a) Endurance training decreases end-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV).
  • b) Endurance training increases EDV, thereby increasing SV and decreasing heart rate (HR).
  • c) Endurance training has no effect on ventricular volume.
  • d) Endurance training decreases left ventricular mass.

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following statements accurately describes the effect of endurance training on ventricular volume?

  • a) Endurance training decreases end-diastolic volume (EDV) and stroke volume (SV).
  • b) Endurance training increases EDV, thereby increasing SV and decreasing heart rate (HR).
  • c) Endurance training has no effect on ventricular volume.
  • d) Endurance training decreases left ventricular mass.

  • Endurance training typically increases the volume of blood pumped by the heart (stroke volume) by increasing the end-diastolic volume (EDV), which allows for greater filling of the ventricles.
  • This leads to a decreased heart rate at rest.
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14
Q

According to the laws governing blood flow, which factor directly influences the rate of blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Blood viscosity
  • b) Blood volume
  • c) Blood pH
  • d) Blood sugar levels

Cardiovascular System

A

According to the laws governing blood flow, which factor directly influences the rate of blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Blood viscosity
  • b) Blood volume
  • c) Blood pH
  • d) Blood sugar levels

  • Blood viscosity, or thickness, directly affects the rate of blood flow in the cardiovascular system.
  • Higher viscosity leads to slower blood flow, while lower viscosity increases blood flow.
  • Options b, c, and d are not directly related to blood flow according to the laws governing it.
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15
Q

What is the formula to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) MAP = SP - DP
  • b) MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)
  • c) MAP = PP - DP
  • d) MAP = PP + 1/3(SP - DP)

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the formula to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) MAP = SP - DP
  • b) MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)
  • c) MAP = PP - DP
  • d) MAP = PP + 1/3(SP - DP)

  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is calculated using the formula MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP), where DP represents diastolic pressure and SP represents systolic pressure.
  • This formula takes into account both systolic and diastolic pressures to provide an average pressure in the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle.
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16
Q

What is the primary function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) To carry blood away from the heart
  • b) To return blood to the heart
  • c) To regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) To distribute blood evenly throughout the body

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) To carry blood away from the heart
  • b) To return blood to the heart
  • c) To regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) To distribute blood evenly throughout the body

  • Arterioles are small-diameter blood vessels that regulate blood flow into capillaries, thereby controlling blood pressure and distribution of blood flow to tissues.
  • Options a, b, and d describe functions of other components of the cardiovascular system, not specifically arterioles.
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17
Q

Which of the following best describes pulse pressure in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
  • b) The difference between mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure
  • c) The difference between systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure
  • d) The difference between mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following best describes pulse pressure (PP) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure
  • b) The difference between mean arterial pressure and diastolic blood pressure
  • c) The difference between systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure
  • d) The difference between mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure

  • Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
  • It reflects the force exerted on the walls of the arteries during systole and the resting pressure during diastole.
  • Options b, c, and d incorrectly describe pulse pressure.
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18
Q

What physiological adaptation occurs in response to both aerobic and weight training that contributes to the reduction of resting blood pressure?

  • a) Increase in left ventricular mass
  • b) Decrease in systolic blood pressure
  • c) Increase in arteriole diameter
  • d) Increase in mean arterial pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

What physiological adaptation occurs in response to both aerobic and weight training that contributes to the reduction of resting blood pressure?

  • a) Increase in left ventricular mass
  • b) Decrease in systolic blood pressure
  • c) Increase in arteriole diameter
  • d) Increase in mean arterial pressure

  • Both aerobic and weight training have been shown to reduce resting blood pressure, primarily by decreasing systolic blood pressure.
  • This reduction is attributed to various factors, including improved cardiovascular efficiency and decreased vascular resistance.
  • Options a, c, and d are not typically associated with the reduction of resting blood pressure.
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19
Q

Which parameter is a good indicator of training intensity based on the information provided?

  • a) End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • b) Stroke volume (SV)
  • c) Heart rate (HR)
  • d) Left ventricular mass

Cardiovascular System

A

Which parameter is a good indicator of training intensity based on the information provided?

  • a) End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • b) Stroke volume (SV)
  • c) Heart rate (HR)
  • d) Left ventricular mass

  • According to the information provided, heart rate (HR) is a good indicator of training intensity.
  • HR increases with cardiac output up to maximal workloads, making it a reliable measure of the body’s response to exercise intensity.
  • Options a, b, and d are not directly linked to training intensity.
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20
Q

What is the function of arterioles in the microcirculation of the cardiovascular system?

  • a) To carry blood away from the heart
  • b) To return blood to the heart
  • c) To regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) To distribute blood evenly throughout the body

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the function of arterioles in the microcirculation of the cardiovascular system?

  • a) To carry blood away from the heart
  • b) To return blood to the heart
  • c) To regulate blood flow into capillaries
  • d) To distribute blood evenly throughout the body

  • Arterioles are small-diameter blood vessels responsible for regulating blood flow into capillaries, thereby controlling blood pressure and distribution of blood flow to tissues.
  • Options a, b, and d describe functions of other components of the cardiovascular system, not specifically arterioles.
21
Q

Which factor primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) Stroke volume
  • b) End-systolic volume (ESV)
  • c) Blood pressure
  • d) End-diastolic volume (EDV)

Cardiovascular System

A

Which factor primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) Stroke volume
  • b) End-systolic volume (ESV)
  • c) Blood pressure
  • d) End-diastolic volume (EDV)

  • Preload in the heart is primarily determined by the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole (end-diastolic volume or EDV).
  • This volume directly influences the stretch of the ventricular walls and subsequently affects stroke volume.
  • Options a, b, and c do not directly determine preload.
22
Q

What is the main determinant of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

  • a) Systolic pressure
  • b) Diastolic pressure
  • c) Pulse pressure
  • d) Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the main determinant of mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

  • a) Systolic pressure
  • b) Diastolic pressure
  • c) Pulse pressure
  • d) Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

  • Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is determined by the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.
  • The formula MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP) utilizes this difference to calculate the average pressure in the arteries throughout the cardiac cycle.
  • Options a, b, and c are components of blood pressure but do not directly determine MAP.
23
Q

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Transport nutrients to tissues
  • b) Transport carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • c) Transport oxygen via hemoglobin
  • d) Regulate blood pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of red blood cells (RBCs) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Transport nutrients to tissues
  • b) Transport carbon dioxide to the lungs
  • c) Transport oxygen via hemoglobin
  • d) Regulate blood pressure

  • Red blood cells (RBCs) primarily function to transport oxygen to tissues via the hemoglobin molecule.
  • Options a, b, and d describe functions of other components of the cardiovascular system, not specifically RBCs.
24
Q

What is the primary factor contributing to the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood during aerobic or weight training?

  • a) Increase in plasma volume
  • b) Increase in red blood cell production
  • c) Decrease in cardiac output
  • d) Decrease in hemoglobin concentration

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary factor contributing to the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood during aerobic or weight training?

  • a) Increase in plasma volume
  • b) Increase in red blood cell production
  • c) Decrease in cardiac output
  • d) Decrease in hemoglobin concentration

  • During aerobic or weight training, there is an increase in red blood cell production, leading to an increased number of red blood cells per unit volume of blood and thus an increased oxygen-carrying capacity.
  • Option a describes the opposite effect of training on plasma volume.
25
Q

During maximal exercise, what percentage of cardiac output typically goes to skeletal muscle?

  • a) 5-10%
  • b) 15-20%
  • c) 50-60%
  • d) 80-85%

Cardiovascular System

A

During maximal exercise, what percentage of cardiac output typically goes to skeletal muscle?

  • a) 5-10%
  • b) 15-20%
  • c) 50-60%
  • d) 80-85%

  • During maximal exercise, the majority of cardiac output, approximately 80-85%, is directed to skeletal muscle to meet the increased demand for oxygen and nutrients.
  • Options a, b, and c describe distribution of cardiac output at rest or during lower intensity exercise.
26
Q

Which of the following physiological functions is most affected by prolonged bed rest?

  • a) Oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
  • b) Hemoglobin concentration
  • c) Skeletal muscle atrophy
  • d) Cardiac output

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following physiological functions is most affected by prolonged bed rest?

  • a) Oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
  • b) Hemoglobin concentration
  • c) Skeletal muscle atrophy
  • d) Cardiac output

  • Prolonged bed rest leads to significant decrements in physiological functions, including skeletal muscle atrophy due to disuse.
  • Options a, b, and d may also be affected by bed rest but are not primarily associated with the effects of prolonged immobility.
27
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which venous return is aided during exercise?

  • a) Vasodilation of arteries
  • b) Constriction of arterioles
  • c) Muscle pump
  • d) Redistribution of cardiac output

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary mechanism by which venous return is aided during exercise?

  • a) Vasodilation of arteries
  • b) Constriction of arterioles
  • c) Muscle pump
  • d) Redistribution of cardiac output

  • Venous return is primarily aided by the muscle pump during exercise. Contraction of skeletal muscles around veins helps push blood back toward the heart.
  • Options a, b, and d describe other mechanisms involved in cardiovascular regulation but are not specifically related to venous return during exercise.
28
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of vasodilation on blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Vasodilation decreases blood flow by reducing the radius of blood vessels.
  • b) Vasodilation increases blood flow by decreasing the radius of blood vessels.
  • c) Vasodilation decreases blood flow by increasing the radius of blood vessels.
  • d) Vasodilation increases blood flow by increasing the radius of blood vessels.

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of vasodilation on blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Vasodilation decreases blood flow by reducing the radius of blood vessels.
  • b) Vasodilation increases blood flow by decreasing the radius of blood vessels.
  • c) Vasodilation decreases blood flow by increasing the radius of blood vessels.
  • d) Vasodilation increases blood flow by increasing the radius of blood vessels.

  • Vasodilation is the widening of blood vessels, which increases their radius and subsequently increases blood flow to tissues.
  • Option a incorrectly states that vasodilation decreases blood flow, while options b and c incorrectly describe the opposite effect of vasoconstriction.
29
Q

What is the primary adaptation that occurs in response to long-term aerobic training?

  • a) Decrease in cardiac output
  • b) Decrease in red blood cell production
  • c) Increase in stroke volume
  • d) Increase in plasma volume

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary adaptation that occurs in response to long-term aerobic training?

  • a) Decrease in cardiac output
  • b) Decrease in red blood cell production
  • c) Increase in stroke volume
  • d) Increase in plasma volume

  • Long-term aerobic training leads to increased stroke volume, allowing the heart to pump more blood with each contraction.
  • This adaptation improves cardiovascular efficiency and endurance performance. Options a, b, and d are not consistent with the typical adaptations to aerobic training.
30
Q

Which of the following factors contributes to the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Increase in cardiac output
  • b) Decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues
  • d) Vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying active muscles

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following factors contributes to the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Increase in cardiac output
  • b) Decrease in sympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues
  • d) Vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying active muscles

  • During exercise, blood flow is redistributed to active muscles through vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying inactive tissues and vasodilation of arterioles supplying active muscles.
  • Option a describes the overall increase in blood flow during exercise, while options b and c do not accurately describe mechanisms of blood flow redistribution.
31
Q

How does prolonged bed rest affect the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles?

  • a) Increases oxidative capacity
  • b) Decreases oxidative capacity
  • c) No effect on oxidative capacity
  • d) Promotes hypertrophy of skeletal muscles

Cardiovascular System

A

How does prolonged bed rest affect the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles?

  • a) Increases oxidative capacity
  • b) Decreases oxidative capacity
  • c) No effect on oxidative capacity
  • d) Promotes hypertrophy of skeletal muscles

  • Prolonged bed rest leads to a decrease in the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles due to reduced physical activity and disuse.
  • This can result in decreased aerobic fitness and endurance. Options a, c, and d do not accurately describe the effects of bed rest on skeletal muscle oxidative capacity.
32
Q

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?

  • a) Plasma
  • b) Red blood cells (RBCs)
  • c) Platelets
  • d) White blood cells (WBCs)

Cardiovascular System

A

Which component of blood is primarily responsible for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide?

  • a) Plasma
  • b) Red blood cells (RBCs)
  • c) Platelets
  • d) White blood cells (WBCs)

  • Red blood cells (RBCs) contain hemoglobin, which binds to oxygen and carbon dioxide, facilitating their transport throughout the body.
  • Options a, c, and d are not primarily responsible for gas transport in the blood.
33
Q

What physiological mechanism primarily contributes to the substantial reduction of plasma volume at the onset of aerobic or weight training?

  • a) Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Decrease in red blood cell production
  • c) Enhanced vasodilation of arterioles
  • d) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Cardiovascular System

A

What physiological mechanism primarily contributes to the substantial reduction of plasma volume at the onset of aerobic or weight training?

  • a) Increase in sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Decrease in red blood cell production
  • c) Enhanced vasodilation of arterioles
  • d) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

  • The substantial reduction of plasma volume at the onset of aerobic or weight training is primarily attributed to increased sympathetic nervous system activity, which leads to fluid shifts and increased sweating.
  • Options b, c, and d do not accurately describe the mechanism responsible for this reduction.
34
Q

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Regulation of blood pH
  • b) Facilitation of blood clotting
  • c) Maintenance of osmotic pressure
  • b) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Regulation of blood pH
  • b) Facilitation of blood clotting
  • c) Maintenance of osmotic pressure
  • d) Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide

  • Plasma proteins, including albumin and globulins, primarily maintain osmotic pressure in the blood, which helps regulate fluid balance and prevent excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream.
  • Options a, b, and d describe other functions of plasma proteins, but osmotic pressure maintenance is their primary role.
35
Q

During aerobic or weight training, what acute effect does the substantial reduction of plasma volume have on cardiovascular parameters?

  • a) Decreased stroke volume
  • b) Increased heart rate
  • c) Decreased cardiac output
  • d) Increased blood pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

During aerobic or weight training, what acute effect does the substantial reduction of plasma volume have on cardiovascular parameters?

  • a) Decreased stroke volume
  • b) Increased heart rate
  • c) Decreased cardiac output
  • d) Increased blood pressure

  • The substantial reduction of plasma volume during aerobic or weight training leads to an acute increase in blood pressure due to the reduction in blood volume and subsequent increase in vascular resistance.
  • Options a, b, and c do not accurately describe the acute effect of plasma volume reduction on cardiovascular parameters.
36
Q

Which of the following statements accurately describes the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs) in adults?

  • a) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 2 weeks.
  • b) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 4 months.
  • c) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 1 year.
  • d) RBCs have an indefinite lifespan.

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following statements accurately describes the lifespan of red blood cells (RBCs) in adults?

  • a) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 2 weeks.
  • b) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 4 months.
  • c) RBCs have a lifespan of approximately 1 year.
  • d) RBCs have an indefinite lifespan.

  • In adults, red blood cells (RBCs) typically have a lifespan of approximately 4 months before they are removed from circulation by the spleen and liver.
  • Options a, c, and d inaccurately describe the lifespan of RBCs.
37
Q

Which factor primarily contributes to the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood during prolonged aerobic training?

  • a) Decrease in plasma volume
  • b) Increase in cardiac output
  • c) Increase in hemoglobin concentration
  • d) Decrease in red blood cell production

Cardiovascular System

A

Which factor primarily contributes to the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood during prolonged aerobic training?

  • a) Decrease in plasma volume
  • b) Increase in cardiac output
  • c) Increase in hemoglobin concentration
  • d) Decrease in red blood cell production

  • Prolonged aerobic training leads to an increase in hemoglobin concentration, which enhances the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity and improves aerobic performance.
  • Options a, b, and d do not accurately describe the primary mechanism responsible for the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of blood during training.
38
Q

Which of the following factors primarily influences the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Increase in venous return
  • d) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying active muscles

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following factors primarily influences the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Increase in venous return
  • d) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying active muscles

  • The redistribution of blood flow during exercise is primarily influenced by vasodilation of arterioles supplying active muscles, which increases blood flow to those tissues.
  • Options a, b, and c do not accurately describe the mechanism responsible for blood flow redistribution during exercise.
39
Q

Which of the following physiological adaptations occurs in response to chronic endurance training?

  • a) Decreased heart rate at rest
  • b) Increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
  • c) Decreased red blood cell production
  • d) Reduced capillary density in skeletal muscles

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following physiological adaptations occurs in response to chronic endurance training?

  • a) Decreased heart rate at rest
  • b) Increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
  • c) Decreased red blood cell production
  • d) Reduced capillary density in skeletal muscles

  • Chronic endurance training leads to increased VO2 max, indicating improved aerobic capacity and cardiovascular efficiency.
  • Options a, c, and d do not accurately describe typical adaptations to endurance training.
40
Q

What is the primary function of the muscle pump mechanism during exercise?

  • a) Regulation of heart rate
  • b) Promotion of venous return
  • c) Redistribution of blood flow to inactive tissues
  • d) Maintenance of blood pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of the muscle pump mechanism during exercise?

  • a) Regulation of heart rate
  • b) Promotion of venous return
  • c) Redistribution of blood flow to inactive tissues
  • d) Maintenance of blood pressure

  • The muscle pump mechanism aids in venous return by assisting in the movement of blood back to the heart during muscle contraction.
  • Options a, c, and d describe other cardiovascular functions but are not the primary function of the muscle pump.
41
Q

Which of the following physiological changes occurs during prolonged bed rest?

  • a) Increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles
  • b) Increased plasma volume
  • c) Decreased stroke volume
  • d) Increased muscular strength and endurance

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following physiological changes occurs during prolonged bed rest?

  • a) Increased oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles
  • b) Increased plasma volume
  • c) Decreased stroke volume
  • d) Increased muscular strength and endurance

  • Prolonged bed rest leads to decreased stroke volume due to reduced cardiac output and disuse atrophy of the heart muscle.
  • Options a, b, and d do not accurately describe the effects of bed rest on cardiovascular parameters.
42
Q

What is the primary determinant of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Systolic blood pressure
  • b) Diastolic blood pressure
  • c) Pulse pressure
  • d) Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary determinant of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Systolic blood pressure
  • b) Diastolic blood pressure
  • c) Pulse pressure
  • d) Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

  • MAP is primarily determined by the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure, as indicated by the formula MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP).
  • Options a, b, and c are components of blood pressure but do not directly determine MAP.
43
Q

During aerobic exercise, which physiological change occurs in response to increased oxygen demand by skeletal muscles?

  • a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Increased venous return to the heart
  • c) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues
  • d) Increased cardiac output

Cardiovascular System

A

During aerobic exercise, which physiological change occurs in response to increased oxygen demand by skeletal muscles?

  • a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Increased venous return to the heart
  • c) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues
  • d) Increased cardiac output

  • Increased oxygen demand by skeletal muscles during aerobic exercise leads to an increase in cardiac output to deliver more oxygenated blood to tissues.
  • Options a, b, and c do not accurately describe the response to increased oxygen demand.
44
Q

What is the primary role of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Regulation of blood pressure
  • b) Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • c) Redistribution of blood flow during exercise
  • d) Control of blood flow into capillaries

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary role of arterioles in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Regulation of blood pressure
  • b) Transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • c) Redistribution of blood flow during exercise
  • d) Control of blood flow into capillaries

  • Arterioles primarily regulate blood flow into capillaries, thereby controlling tissue perfusion and blood pressure.
  • Options a, b, and c describe other functions of the cardiovascular system, but arterioles specifically regulate blood flow into capillary beds.
45
Q

Which of the following factors contributes to the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Increased parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Constriction of arterioles supplying active muscles
  • d) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues

Cardiovascular System

A

Which of the following factors contributes to the redistribution of blood flow during exercise?

  • a) Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
  • b) Increased parasympathetic nervous system activity
  • c) Constriction of arterioles supplying active muscles
  • d) Vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues

  • Redistribution of blood flow during exercise is primarily facilitated by vasodilation of arterioles supplying inactive tissues and vasoconstriction of arterioles supplying active muscles.
  • Options a, b, and c do not accurately describe the mechanism responsible for blood flow redistribution.
46
Q

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
  • b) Transport of nutrients to tissues
  • c) Maintenance of blood osmotic pressure
  • d) Regulation of blood pH

Cardiovascular System

A

What is the primary function of plasma proteins in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Facilitation of gas exchange in the lungs
  • b) Transport of nutrients to tissues
  • c) Maintenance of blood osmotic pressure
  • d) Regulation of blood pH

  • Plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, primarily maintain blood osmotic pressure, which regulates fluid balance and prevents excessive fluid loss from the bloodstream.
  • Options a, b, and d describe other functions of plasma proteins but are not their primary role.
47
Q

Which factor primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • b) Stroke volume (SV)
  • c) Afterload
  • d) Ejection fraction (EF)

Cardiovascular System

A

Which factor primarily determines preload in the heart?

  • a) End-diastolic volume (EDV)
  • b) Stroke volume (SV)
  • c) Afterload
  • d) Ejection fraction (EF)

  • Preload in the heart is primarily determined by the end-diastolic volume (EDV), which reflects the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole before contraction.
  • Options b, c, and d describe other factors influencing cardiac function but do not directly determine preload.
48
Q

What effect does sympathetic nervous system activity have on heart rate?

  • a) Decreases heart rate
  • b) Increases heart rate
  • c) Has no effect on heart rate
  • d) Induces arrhythmia

Cardiovascular System

A

What effect does sympathetic nervous system activity have on heart rate?

  • a) Decreases heart rate
  • b) Increases heart rate
  • c) Has no effect on heart rate
  • d) Induces arrhythmia

  • Sympathetic nervous system activity increases heart rate as part of the body’s fight-or-flight response to increase cardiac output and tissue perfusion during stress or exercise.
  • Options a, c, and d do not accurately describe the effect of sympathetic nervous system activity on heart rate.
49
Q

How does vasodilation of arterioles affect blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Decreases blood flow by decreasing vessel radius
  • b) Increases blood flow by increasing vessel radius
  • c) Has no effect on blood flow
  • d) Increases blood flow by decreasing vessel radius

Cardiovascular System

A

How does vasodilation of arterioles affect blood flow in the cardiovascular system?

  • a) Decreases blood flow by decreasing vessel radius
  • b) Increases blood flow by increasing vessel radius
  • c) Has no effect on blood flow
  • d) Increases blood flow by decreasing vessel radius

  • Vasodilation of arterioles increases blood flow by widening the vessel radius, reducing resistance to blood flow and facilitating greater perfusion of tissues.
  • Options a, c, and d do not accurately describe the effect of arteriolar vasodilation on blood flow.

DPT 693 - Exercise Physiology (14 decks)

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