Final Exam Prep Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following structures is not directly involved in the gas exchange process within the lungs?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Nostrils
- C. Alveoli
- D. Bronchioles
A
Which of the following structures is not directly involved in the gas exchange process within the lungs?
- A. Bronchi
- B. Nostrils
- C. Alveoli
- D. Bronchioles
2
Q
The primary muscle responsible for initiating inspiration by increasing the volume of the intrathoracic cavity is:
- A. Pectoralis minor
- B. Sternocleidomastoid
- C. Diaphragm
- D. External intercostals
A
The primary muscle responsible for initiating inspiration by increasing the volume of the intrathoracic cavity is:
- A. Pectoralis minor
- B. Sternocleidomastoid
- C. Diaphragm
- D. External intercostals
3
Q
In terms of lung volumes and capacities, which parameter increases significantly during vigorous exercise?
- A. Residual volume
- B. Inspiratory reserve volume
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Functional residual capacity
A
In terms of lung volumes and capacities, which parameter increases significantly during vigorous exercise?
- A. Residual volume
- B. Inspiratory reserve volume
- C. Tidal volume
- D. Functional residual capacity
4
Q
The formula ๐๐ธ = ๐๐ ร ๐defines which of the following respiratory measurements?
- A. Lung compliance
- B. Airway resistance
- C. Pulmonary ventilation
- D. Respiratory quotient
A
The formula ๐๐ธ = ๐๐ ร ๐defines which of the following respiratory measurements?
- A. Lung compliance
- B. Airway resistance
- C. Pulmonary ventilation
- D. Respiratory quotient
5
Q
Pulmonary ventilation involves all of the following functions except:
- A. Air is warmed as it enters the respiratory tract
- B. Mucus traps airborne particles
- C. Air is cooled before reaching the lungs
- D. Humidifies air to prevent damage to membranes
A
Pulmonary ventilation involves all of the following functions except:
- A. Air is warmed as it enters the respiratory tract
- B. Mucus traps airborne particles
- C. Air is cooled before reaching the lungs
- D. Humidifies air to prevent damage to membranes
6
Q
Which of the following is not a factor promoting diffusion of gases in the lungs?
- A. Large surface area of alveoli
- B. Pressure differences between air and blood
- C. Increased airway resistance
- D. Thinness of the respiratory membrane
A
Which of the following is not a factor promoting diffusion of gases in the lungs?
- A. Large surface area of alveoli
- B. Pressure differences between air and blood
- C. Increased airway resistance
- D. Thinness of the respiratory membrane
7
Q
The intrapleural pressure is described as being:
- A. Less than atmospheric pressure
- B. Equal to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration
- C. Higher than intrapulmonary pressure at rest
- D. None of the above
A
The intrapleural pressure is described as being:
- A. Less than atmospheric pressure
- B. Equal to intrapulmonary pressure during inspiration
- C. Higher than intrapulmonary pressure at rest
- D. None of the above
8
Q
Expiration at rest is primarily a result of:
- A. Passive recoil of the diaphragm
- B. Contraction of the rectus abdominis
- C. Active contraction of internal intercostal muscles
- D. Increased intrathoracic volume
A
Expiration at rest is primarily a result of:
- A. Passive recoil of the diaphragm
- B. Contraction of the rectus abdominis
- C. Active contraction of internal intercostal muscles
- D. Increased intrathoracic volume
9
Q
During forced expiration, such as during intense exercise, which muscles are most likely to be involved?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Scalenes
- C. Rectus abdominis
- D. Diaphragm
A
During forced expiration, such as during intense exercise, which muscles are most likely to be involved?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Scalenes
- C. Rectus abdominis
- D. Diaphragm
10
Q
The FEV1-to-FVC ratio decreases in conditions like asthma or emphysema due to:
- A. Increased tidal volume
- B. Decreased residual volume
- C. Airway obstruction limiting expiratory flow
- D. Increased inspiratory reserve volume
A
The FEV1-to-FVC ratio decreases in conditions like asthma or emphysema due to:
- A. Increased tidal volume
- B. Decreased residual volume
- C. Airway obstruction limiting expiratory flow
- D. Increased inspiratory reserve volume
11
Q
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane in the alveoli?
- A. To produce mucus
- B. To facilitate the diffusion of gases
- C. To regulate airflow resistance
- D. To warm the air entering the lungs
A
What is the primary function of the respiratory membrane in the alveoli?
- A. To produce mucus
- B. To facilitate the diffusion of gases
- C. To regulate airflow resistance
- D. To warm the air entering the lungs
12
Q
Which muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during the process of inspiration?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Internal intercostals
- C. Pectoralis major
- D. Latissimus dorsi
A
Which muscles are primarily responsible for elevating the ribs during the process of inspiration?
- A. External intercostals
- B. Internal intercostals
- C. Pectoralis major
- D. Latissimus dorsi
13
Q
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the alveoli is typically:
- A. 0.2 mm Hg
- B. 40 mm Hg
- C. 46 mm Hg
- D. 100 mm Hg
A
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) in the alveoli is typically:
- A. 0.2 mm Hg
- B. 40 mm Hg
- C. 46 mm Hg
- D. 100 mm Hg
14
Q
Which physiological change is associated with an increase in age with respect to lung volumes and capacities?
- A. Increase in tidal volume
- B. Increase in total lung capacity
- C. Increase in residual volume
- D. Increase in inspiratory capacity
A
Which physiological change is associated with an increase in age with respect to lung volumes and capacities?
- A. Increase in tidal volume
- B. Increase in total lung capacity
- C. Increase in residual volume
- D. Increase in inspiratory capacity
15
Q
When considering the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood, what percentage is transported as bicarbonate?
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 70%
- D. 90%
A
When considering the transportation of carbon dioxide in the blood, what percentage is transported as bicarbonate?
- A. 10%
- B. 20%
- C. 70%
- D. 90%
16
Q
Myoglobin, found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, serves which primary function during physical activity?
- A. Transports carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- B. Binds oxygen to facilitate its transport to mitochondria
- C. Acts as a primary source of energy
- D. Converts glucose to ATP
A
Myoglobin, found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, serves which primary function during physical activity?
- A. Transports carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs
- B. Binds oxygen to facilitate its transport to mitochondria
- C. Acts as a primary source of energy
- D. Converts glucose to ATP
17
Q
Which of the following best describes the role of central chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
- A. They detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood.
- B. They respond to changes in pH and H+ concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
- C. They control the voluntary modification of breathing patterns.
- D. They increase the respiratory rate in response to decreases in blood pressure.
A
Which of the following best describes the role of central chemoreceptors in respiratory control?
- A. They detect changes in oxygen levels in the blood.
- B. They respond to changes in pH and H+ concentration in cerebrospinal fluid.
- C. They control the voluntary modification of breathing patterns.
- D. They increase the respiratory rate in response to decreases in blood pressure.
18
Q
What is the primary role of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
- A. To provide nutrients to lung tissues
- B. To facilitate gas exchange between alveoli and blood
- C. To reduce friction between the pleural membranes during breathing
- D. To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the heart
A
What is the primary role of pleural fluid in the respiratory system?
- A. To provide nutrients to lung tissues
- B. To facilitate gas exchange between alveoli and blood
- C. To reduce friction between the pleural membranes during breathing
- D. To transport oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and the heart
19
Q
During an intense workout, how does the respiratory system primarily respond to meet increased oxygen demands?
- A. By increasing both the depth and frequency of breathing
- B. By decreasing the tidal volume to conserve energy
- C. By increasing the residual volume
- D. By decreasing the rate of breathing to enhance gas exchange
A
During an intense workout, how does the respiratory system primarily respond to meet increased oxygen demands?
- A. By increasing both the depth and frequency of breathing
- B. By decreasing the tidal volume to conserve energy
- C. By increasing the residual volume
- D. By decreasing the rate of breathing to enhance gas exchange
20
Q
How does the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Increased thickness enhances oxygen absorption
- B. Decreased thickness facilitates faster diffusion of gases
- C. Increased thickness decreases the diffusion capacity for carbon dioxide
- D. Decreased thickness increases airflow resistance
A
How does the thickness of the respiratory membrane affect the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs?
- A. Increased thickness enhances oxygen absorption
- B. Decreased thickness facilitates faster diffusion of gases
- C. Increased thickness decreases the diffusion capacity for carbon dioxide
- D. Decreased thickness increases airflow resistance
21
Q
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
A
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
- A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
- B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
- C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
- D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
22
Q
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
A
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
- A. Active transport mechanisms
- B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
- C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
- D. The viscosity of the blood
23
Q
Ventilation during moderate to intense exercise is most effectively controlled by:
- A. Voluntary efforts from the cerebral cortex
- B. Chemoreceptors that respond to blood pH and gas levels
- C. Central nervous system suppression of respiratory muscles
- D. Decreased sensitivity of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide
A
Ventilation during moderate to intense exercise is most effectively controlled by:
- A. Voluntary efforts from the cerebral cortex
- B. Chemoreceptors that respond to blood pH and gas levels
- C. Central nervous system suppression of respiratory muscles
- D. Decreased sensitivity of the respiratory centers to carbon dioxide
24
Q
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?
- A. Hemoglobin decreases the solubility of oxygen in blood.
- B. Hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide to expel it from the body.
- C. Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen transported in the blood.
- D. Hemoglobin prevents oxygen from escaping from the capillaries.
A
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transport?
- A. Hemoglobin decreases the solubility of oxygen in blood.
- B. Hemoglobin binds with carbon dioxide to expel it from the body.
- C. Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen transported in the blood.
- D. Hemoglobin prevents oxygen from escaping from the capillaries
25
Which condition would result in a FEV1/FVC ratio below the normal range of 75-85%?
* A. Decreased age-related elastic decline
* B. Heightened respiratory muscle function
* C. Increased airway resistance due to structural lung changes
* D. Obstructive lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema
Which condition would result in a FEV1/FVC ratio below the normal range of 75-85%?
* A. Decreased age-related elastic decline
* B. Heightened respiratory muscle function
* C. Increased airway resistance due to structural lung changes
* **D. Obstructive lung disease, such as asthma or emphysema**
26
The respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata primarily:
* A. Initiates voluntary muscular contractions for respiration.
* B. Generates the basic rhythmical pattern of breathing.
* C. Modulates the respiratory rate based on visual stimuli.
* D. Acts independently of peripheral chemoreceptors.
The respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata primarily:
* A. Initiates voluntary muscular contractions for respiration.
* **B. Generates the basic rhythmical pattern of breathing.**
* C. Modulates the respiratory rate based on visual stimuli.
* D. Acts independently of peripheral chemoreceptors.
27
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary pleurae?
* A. To absorb oxygen from the alveolar air
* B. To encase each lung in a protective double-layered membrane
* C. To increase the surface area for gas exchange
* D. To actively transport gases into and out of the lungs
What is the primary purpose of the pulmonary pleurae?
* A. To absorb oxygen from the alveolar air
* **B. To encase each lung in a protective double-layered membrane**
* C. To increase the surface area for gas exchange
* D. To actively transport gases into and out of the lungs
28
How does the diaphragm contribute to the mechanics of ventilation?
* A. It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.
* B. It relaxes and curves upwards, decreasing the thoracic volume during inspiration.
* C. It remains static and allows the intercostal muscles to control breathing.
* D. It assists in expelling air during forced expiration only.
How does the diaphragm contribute to the mechanics of ventilation?
* **A. It contracts and flattens, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity during inspiration.**
* B. It relaxes and curves upwards, decreasing the thoracic volume during inspiration.
* C. It remains static and allows the intercostal muscles to control breathing.
* D. It assists in expelling air during forced expiration only.
29
In cases of severe asthma, which muscle group is particularly involved during forced expiration?
* A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
* B. External intercostals and pectoralis major
* C. Diaphragm and scalenes
* D. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
In cases of severe asthma, which muscle group is particularly involved during forced expiration?
* **A. Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles**
* B. External intercostals and pectoralis major
* C. Diaphragm and scalenes
* D. Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
30
What effect does aging have on the respiratory systemโs lung volumes?
* A. Increase in both tidal and residual volumes
* B. Increase in residual volume with a decrease in expiratory reserve volume
* C. General increase in all lung volumes and capacities
* D. Decrease in residual volume with an increase in inspiratory capacity
What effect does aging have on the respiratory systemโs lung volumes?
* A. Increase in both tidal and residual volumes
* **B. Increase in residual volume with a decrease in expiratory reserve volume**
* C. General increase in all lung volumes and capacities
* D. Decrease in residual volume with an increase in inspiratory capacity
31
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
* A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
* B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.
* C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
* D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
Which of the following best describes the effect of exercise on bronchial diameter?
* A. Exercise decreases bronchial diameter due to increased airway resistance.
* **B. Exercise causes bronchodilation, decreasing resistance to airflow.**
* C. Exercise has no effect on bronchial diameter.
* D. Exercise increases bronchial constriction, enhancing oxygen uptake.
32
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
* A. Active transport mechanisms
* B. The gradient of partial pressure differences
* C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
* D. The viscosity of the blood
During pulmonary gas exchange, the movement of oxygen from alveoli into the blood is primarily facilitated by:
* A. Active transport mechanisms
* **B. The gradient of partial pressure differences**
* C. The hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries
* D. The viscosity of the blood
33
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?
* A. To increase the diffusion of gases at the alveoli.
* B. To move mucus toward the oral cavity to be expelled.
* C. To regulate the flow of serous fluid in the pleural cavity.
* D. To control the opening and closing of the airway during respiration.
What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?
* A. To increase the diffusion of gases at the alveoli.
* **B. To move mucus toward the oral cavity to be expelled.**
* C. To regulate the flow of serous fluid in the pleural cavity.
* D. To control the opening and closing of the airway during respiration.
34
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
* A. It becomes more negative relative to atmospheric pressure, facilitating lung expansion.
* B. It increases to higher than atmospheric pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.
* C. It equilibrates with the intrapulmonary pressure.
* D. It drops to zero, causing the lungs to collapse.
What happens to the intrapleural pressure during inspiration?
* **A. It becomes more negative relative to atmospheric pressure, facilitating lung expansion.**
* B. It increases to higher than atmospheric pressure, pushing air out of the lungs.
* C. It equilibrates with the intrapulmonary pressure.
* D. It drops to zero, causing the lungs to collapse.
35
What is the primary effect of bronchodilation during exercise?
* A. It decreases the amount of air that can be inspired.
* B. It increases the resistance to airflow.
* C. It increases airflow by decreasing resistance.
* D. It leads to a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.
What is the primary effect of bronchodilation during exercise?
* A. It decreases the amount of air that can be inspired.
* B. It increases the resistance to airflow.
* **C. It increases airflow by decreasing resistance.**
* D. It leads to a decrease in pulmonary ventilation.
36
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli compare to that in arterial blood?
* A. It is lower in the alveoli than in arterial blood.
* B. It is higher in the alveoli, facilitating diffusion into the blood.
* C. It is the same, indicating no net movement of oxygen.
* D. It fluctuates more in the alveoli than in the blood.
How does the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli compare to that in arterial blood?
* A. It is lower in the alveoli than in arterial blood.
* **B. It is higher in the alveoli, facilitating diffusion into the blood.**
* C. It is the same, indicating no net movement of oxygen.
* D. It fluctuates more in the alveoli than in the blood.
37
Which condition directly results from a failure in the gas exchange efficiency at the alveoli?
* A. Increased blood pressure
* B. Hypoxemia
* C. Hypercapnia
* D. Acidosis
Which condition directly results from a failure in the gas exchange efficiency at the alveoli?
* A. Increased blood pressure
* **B. Hypoxemia**
* C. Hypercapnia
* D. Acidosis
38
What role does the parietal pleura play in the respiratory system?
* A. It lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.
* B. It directly covers the lungs.
* C. It secretes enzymes that aid in gas exchange.
* D. It absorbs oxygen into the bloodstream.
What role does the parietal pleura play in the respiratory system?
* **A. It lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity and diaphragm.**
* B. It directly covers the lungs.
* C. It secretes enzymes that aid in gas exchange.
* D. It absorbs oxygen into the bloodstream.
39
What is the primary role of the serous fluid found between the pleural membranes?
* A. It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the movement of lungs during breathing.
* B. It aids in the transport of gases across the pleural membranes.
* C. It provides nutrients to the cells of the pleural membranes.
* D. It serves as a buffer to regulate pH changes in the pleural cavity.
What is the primary role of the serous fluid found between the pleural membranes?
* **A. It acts as a lubricant to facilitate the movement of lungs during breathing.**
* B. It aids in the transport of gases across the pleural membranes.
* C. It provides nutrients to the cells of the pleural membranes.
* D. It serves as a buffer to regulate pH changes in the pleural cavity.
40
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system except:
* A. Exchange of gases between air and blood.
* B. Regulation of blood pH.
* C. Synthesis of red blood cells.
* D. Humidification of inhaled air.
All of the following are functions of the respiratory system except:
* A. Exchange of gases between air and blood.
* B. Regulation of blood pH.
* **C. Synthesis of red blood cells.**
* D. Humidification of inhaled air.
41
All of the following are structural features that increase the efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli except:
* A. High surface area provided by numerous alveoli.
* B. Proximity of alveoli to capillaries.
* C. Thick mucus layer covering alveoli.
* D. Thin respiratory membrane.
All of the following are structural features that increase the efficiency of gas exchange in the alveoli except:
* A. High surface area provided by numerous alveoli.
* B. Proximity of alveoli to capillaries.
* **C. Thick mucus layer covering alveoli.**
* D. Thin respiratory membrane.
42
During the respiratory process, all of the following decrease during inspiration except:
* A. Intrapulmonic pressure.
* B. Pleural fluid volume.
* C. Volume of the thoracic cavity.
* D. Air pressure within the alveoli.
During the respiratory process, all of the following decrease during inspiration except:
* A. Intrapulmonic pressure.
* **B. Pleural fluid volume.**
* C. Volume of the thoracic cavity.
* D. Air pressure within the alveoli.
43
All of the following are effects of aging on the respiratory system except:
* A. Decrease in the elasticity of lung tissues.
* B. Increase in residual volume.
* C. Enhancement in the efficiency of the gas exchange process.
* D. Reduction in maximum voluntary ventilation.
All of the following are effects of aging on the respiratory system except:
* A. Decrease in the elasticity of lung tissues.
* B. Increase in residual volume.
* **C. Enhancement in the efficiency of the gas exchange process.**
* D. Reduction in maximum voluntary ventilation.
44
In the control of ventilation, all of the following are influenced by chemoreceptors except:
* A. Response to changes in arterial carbon dioxide levels.
* B. Regulation of blood glucose levels.
* C. Sensitivity to changes in blood pH.
* D. Adjustments in respiratory rate.
In the control of ventilation, all of the following are influenced by chemoreceptors except:
* A. Response to changes in arterial carbon dioxide levels.
* **B. Regulation of blood glucose levels.**
* C. Sensitivity to changes in blood pH.
* D. Adjustments in respiratory rate.
45
All of the following muscles are involved in forced expiration except:
* A. Internal intercostals.
* B. Rectus abdominis.
* C. Diaphragm.
* D. Internal oblique muscles of the abdominal wall.
All of the following muscles are involved in forced expiration except:
* A. Internal intercostals.
* B. Rectus abdominis.
* **C. Diaphragm.**
* D. Internal oblique muscles of the abdominal wall.
46
All of the following statements about myoglobin are true except:
* A. It binds oxygen more readily than hemoglobin.
* B. It is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
* C. It is the primary transporter of CO2 in muscle cells.
* D. It assists in the passive diffusion of oxygen within muscle cells.
All of the following statements about myoglobin are true except:
* A. It binds oxygen more readily than hemoglobin.
* B. It is found in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
* **C. It is the primary transporter of CO2 in muscle cells.**
* D. It assists in the passive diffusion of oxygen within muscle cells.
47
All of the following conditions can lead to a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio except:
* A. Asthma.
* B. Emphysema.
* C. Increased inspiratory muscle strength.
* D. Chronic bronchitis.
All of the following conditions can lead to a decreased FEV1/FVC ratio except:
* A. Asthma.
* B. Emphysema.
* **C. Increased inspiratory muscle strength.**
* D. Chronic bronchitis.
48
All of the following are roles of the pleurae in the respiratory system except:
* A. Reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall.
* B. Encasing each lung in a protective double-layered membrane.
* C. Directly facilitating the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange.
* D. Containing pleural fluid to assist in lung expansion and contraction.
All of the following are roles of the pleurae in the respiratory system except:
* A. Reducing friction between the lungs and chest wall.
* B. Encasing each lung in a protective double-layered membrane.
* **C. Directly facilitating the oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange.**
* D. Containing pleural fluid to assist in lung expansion and contraction.
49
During physical exercise, all of the following occur in the respiratory system except:
* A. Increase in breathing rate.
* B. Increase in tidal volume.
* C. Decrease in oxygen extraction from the blood.
* D. Bronchodilation to decrease airway resistance.
During physical exercise, all of the following occur in the respiratory system except:
* A. Increase in breathing rate.
* B. Increase in tidal volume.
* **C. Decrease in oxygen extraction from the blood.**
* D. Bronchodilation to decrease airway resistance.
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