Special Populations Flashcards
True or False
Exercising in the first two trimesters is associated with a higher birth weight.
Special Populations
- Exercising in the first two trimesters is associated with a higher birth weight.
False - Exercise in the first two trimesters is associated with normal birth weight, not higher.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercising during pregnancy?
- A) Reduction in risk of gestational diabetes
- B) Decrease in risk of preeclampsia
- C) Guaranteed prevention of preterm labor
- D) Decrease in risk of C-section
Special Populations
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of exercising during pregnancy?
- A) Reduction in risk of gestational diabetes
- B) Decrease in risk of preeclampsia
- C) Guaranteed prevention of preterm labor
- D) Decrease in risk of C-section
Continuing exercise into the _ ? _ trimester can result in a lower birth weight.
Special Populations
Continuing exercise into the third trimester can result in a lower birth weight.
Which activity is generally safe for children to perform during exercise according to the material?
- A) High-impact aerobics
- B) Heavy weightlifting
- C) Swimming
- D) Marathon running
Special Populations
Which activity is generally safe for children to perform during exercise according to the material?
- A) High-impact aerobics
- B) Heavy weightlifting
- C) Swimming
- D) Marathon running
Children can gain strength via resistance training due to improved _ ? _.
Special Populations
Children can gain strength via resistance training due to improved neural recruitment of muscle tissue.
What is NOT a reported benefit of children participating in regular physical exercise?
- A) Increased muscle mass
- B) Heightened physical growth rate
- C) Improved bone density and health
- D) Enhanced neural recruitment of muscle tissue
Special Populations
What is NOT a reported benefit of children participating in regular physical exercise?
- A) Increased muscle mass
- B) Heightened physical growth rate
- C) Improved bone density and health
- D) Enhanced neural recruitment of muscle tissue
Relative to body surface area, children show no difference in _ ? _ compared to adults.
3
Special Populations
Relative to body surface area, children show no difference in maximal cardiac output, stroke volume, and oxygen uptake compared to adults.
Which exercise response is characteristic of children compared to adults?
- A) Higher absolute maximal cardiac output
- B) Higher blood pressure during physical activities
- C) Smaller hearts and lower blood volumes
- D) Higher improvement in VO2max during endurance training
Special Populations
Which exercise response is characteristic of children compared to adults?
- A) Higher absolute maximal cardiac output
- B) Higher blood pressure during physical activities
- C) Smaller hearts and lower blood volumes
- D) Higher improvement in VO2max during endurance training
Which of the following is a physiological effect of aging on the cardiovascular system in the elderly?
- A) Increased maximal cardiac output
- B) Decline in maximal stroke volume
- C) Decreased mean arterial pressure
- D) Increased ventricular elasticity
Special Populations
Which of the following is a physiological effect of aging on the cardiovascular system in the elderly?
- A) Increased maximal cardiac output
- B) Decline in maximal stroke volume
- C) Decreased mean arterial pressure
- D) Increased ventricular elasticity
The loss of muscle mass due to aging is known as _ ? _.
Special Populations
The loss of muscle mass due to aging is known as sarcopenia.
What adaptation occurs in older adults who engage in regular exercise?
- A) Decrease in lean body mass
- B) Increase in bone fragility
- C) Improved oxygen extraction by working muscles
- D) Reduction in cardiac output
Special Populations
What adaptation occurs in older adults who engage in regular exercise?
- A) Decrease in lean body mass
- B) Increase in bone fragility
- C) Improved oxygen extraction by working muscles
- D) Reduction in cardiac output
Endurance training in postmenopausal women enhances bone mineral density particularly in the ?.
Special Populations
Endurance training in postmenopausal women enhances bone mineral density particularly in the weight-bearing bones and joints of the lower body.
What is recommended as part of the exercise prescription for elderly individuals?
- A) High-intensity interval training as the primary exercise mode
- B) Avoidance of resistance training to prevent injury
- C) Exercises to improve balance and coordination
- D) Exclusive focus on flexibility without cardiovascular exercises
Special Populations
What is recommended as part of the exercise prescription for elderly individuals?
- A) High-intensity interval training as the primary exercise mode
- B) Avoidance of resistance training to prevent injury
- C) Exercises to improve balance and coordination
- D) Exclusive focus on flexibility without cardiovascular exercises
What precaution is recommended for asthmatics when exercising?
- A) Avoid all forms of physical activity
- B) Engage in high-intensity sports only
- C) Utilize a warm-up and cool-down routine
- D) Only exercise indoors
Special Populations
What precaution is recommended for asthmatics when exercising?
- A) Avoid all forms of physical activity
- B) Engage in high-intensity sports only
- C) Utilize a warm-up and cool-down routine
- D) Only exercise indoors
How does exercise affect insulin sensitivity in individuals with Type 2 diabetes?
- A) Decreases sensitivity
- B) No effect on sensitivity
- C) Increases sensitivity
- D) Only changes insulin production
Special Populations
How does exercise affect insulin sensitivity in individuals with Type 2 diabetes?
- A) Decreases sensitivity
- B) No effect on sensitivity
- C) Increases sensitivity
- D) Only changes insulin production
Effects of maternal exercise on fetal outcomes = ?
Special Populations
- Effects of maternal exercise on fetal outcomes
- Exercise in first 2 trimesters = normal birth weight
- Exercise continued into 3rd trimester = lower birth weight
- Either no increased risk or less risk of preterm labor
- Decrease in risk of C-section
These activities usually are safe during pregnancy = ?
Special Populations
- These activities usually are safe during pregnancy:
- Walking
- Swimming
- Stationary bike
- Yoga and Pilates classes
- Low-impact aerobics classes
- Strength training.
Physiological Effects of Aging on Cardiovascular System = ?
Special Populations
- Physiological Effects of Aging on Cardiovascular System:
- Decreased cardiovascular fitness (VO2max)
- Decline in maximal cardiac output
- Reduction in maximal stroke volume
- Reduction in ventricular contractility
- Arterial wall stiffness
- Higher mean arterial pressure
- Increased blood pressure
- Reduction in blood delivered to contracting muscles
Physiological effects of aging on skeletal muscle system
Special Populations
Physiological Effects of Aging on Skeletal Muscle System
a ) Strength declines beginning at age 50
- Declines 10% between ages 50 & 60
- Declines 15% per decade beyond 60
b) Power declines at age 40 & at faster rate than strength
- Strength & power declines caused by:
- Loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia)
- Greater proportion of remaining muscle being type I
- Atrophy & cell death of fibers caused by age-related denervation
Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise
Causes of improved VO2max:
- Older men = ?
- Older women = ?
- Cardiovascular Adaptations to Exercise
- Relative improvements in VO2max same as younger adults
- Causes of improved VO2max:
- Older men = Increased cardiac output & stroke volume
- Older women = Peripheral adaptations (improved oxygen extraction by working muscles)
- Lower heart rate & mean arterial pressure
Reduction in body fat by up to 3 kg (4% of body mass)
