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DPT 693 - Exercise Physiology > Chronic Diseases > Flashcards

Chronic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What is angina pectoris and how does it manifest?

Chronic Diseases

A

Angina pectoris is a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart, often feeling like pressure or squeezing in the chest.

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2
Q

Describe the symptoms of congestive heart failure.

Chronic Diseases

A

Symptoms include shortness of breath, leg swelling (edema), worsening breathing when lying flat (orthopnea), and fatigue.

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3
Q

What are the two types of heart failure and their characteristics?

Chronic Diseases

A

Systolic heart failure involves decreased pumping function, and diastolic heart failure involves a thickened and stiff heart muscle.

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4
Q

Identify the main symptoms of coronary artery disease.
Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.

Chronic Diseases

A

Symptoms can include chest pain, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and palpitations.

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5
Q

What are common symptoms of Type II diabetes?

Chronic Diseases

A

Frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of cuts and wounds.

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6
Q

Explain the difference between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.

Chronic Diseases

A

Arteriosclerosis is the loss of elasticity and hardening of arteries, while atherosclerosis involves plaque buildup within arterial walls.

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7
Q

What is bronchiectasis, and what are its symptoms?

Chronic Diseases

A

Bronchiectasis is a condition where the bronchial tubes in the lungs are permanently widened, leading to a build-up of excess mucus and symptoms like chronic cough and breathing difficulties.

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8
Q

Describe the characteristics and symptoms of emphysema.

Chronic Diseases

A

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes breathlessness, typically due to damaged alveoli associated with smoking.

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9
Q

What is cor pulmonale and its primary cause?

Chronic Diseases

A

Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right ventricle of the heart fails due to increased pulmonary artery pressure, typically caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension.

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10
Q

Identify the symptoms and causes of jugular vein distention.

Chronic Diseases

A

Symptoms include visible bulging of the neck veins, often caused by conditions like heart failure or superior vena cava obstruction.

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11
Q

What is bronchitis and its primary symptoms?

Chronic Diseases

A

Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes, with symptoms including persistent cough, chest congestion, and breathing difficulties.

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12
Q

Explain pulmonary hypertension and its impact on the heart.

Chronic Diseases

A

Pulmonary hypertension is high blood pressure in the lungs’ arteries, leading to right ventricular failure over time.

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13
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes?

Chronic Diseases

A

Symptoms include frequent urination, increased thirst, fatigue, nausea, and in severe cases, confusion or coma.

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14
Q

What does the ejection fraction (EF) indicate in heart diagnostics?

Chronic Diseases

A

EF measures the percentage of blood leaving the heart each beat; low values indicate potential heart failure.

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15
Q

Describe the symptoms and risk factors of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease).

Chronic Diseases

A

Symptoms include chronic cough, wheezing, and breathlessness, with risk factors including smoking and long-term exposure to irritants.

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16
Q

What are common treatment options for angina pectoris?

Chronic Diseases

A

Treatments include lifestyle modifications, medication (like nitroglycerin), and procedures such as angioplasty to restore blood flow.

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17
Q

How is congestive heart failure typically managed?

Chronic Diseases

A

Management includes medication (e.g., diuretics, ACE inhibitors), lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, devices like ventricular assist devices or transplants.

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18
Q

What medications are commonly prescribed for managing hypertension?

Chronic Diseases

A

Beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) are commonly used.

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19
Q

Describe the treatment approach for Type II diabetes.

Chronic Diseases

A

Treatment includes lifestyle interventions, blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, and oral medications to enhance insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose production.

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20
Q

What interventions are effective for atherosclerosis?

Chronic Diseases

A

Interventions include statins to lower cholesterol, antiplatelet drugs to prevent clots, and surgical options like angioplasty or artery bypass.

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21
Q

What are key components of cardiac rehabilitation?

Chronic Diseases

A

Cardiac rehabilitation may include structured exercise, dietary counseling, risk factor management (like smoking cessation and weight control), and education on heart health.

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22
Q

How is emphysema treated to manage symptoms and progression?

Chronic Diseases

A

Treatments focus on relieving symptoms and may include inhalers, steroids, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation, and in severe cases, surgery.

23
Q

What role do beta blockers play in heart disease treatment?

Chronic Diseases

A

Beta blockers reduce the heart’s workload and heart rate, lower blood pressure, and prevent further damage following heart attacks.

24
Q

What strategies are used in pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD?

Chronic Diseases

A

Strategies include exercise training, nutritional counseling, education on lung health, and support in managing COPD.

25
Q

Explain the use of diuretics in cardiovascular treatment.

Chronic Diseases

A

Diuretics help reduce the body’s sodium and fluid levels, lowering blood volume and pressure, and easing the workload on the heart.

26
Q

What dietary changes are recommended for managing heart disease?

Chronic Diseases

A

A low-sodium, low-fat diet is recommended to reduce blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

27
Q

Why is physical activity important for individuals with Type II diabetes?

Chronic Diseases

A

Regular exercise helps reduce blood glucose levels, improve insulin sensitivity, and decrease cardiovascular risk.

28
Q

How does quitting smoking benefit cardiovascular health?

Chronic Diseases

A

Quitting smoking improves circulation, reduces risk of heart disease, and lowers chances of respiratory infections.

29
Q

What lifestyle modification is advised for patients with hypertension?

Chronic Diseases

A

Reducing salt intake, maintaining a healthy weight, regular physical activity, and moderating alcohol consumption are key.

30
Q

Why is weight management important for patients with chronic diseases?

Chronic Diseases

A

Managing weight helps reduce the burden on the heart, improves respiratory function, and decreases overall health risks.

31
Q

What role does alcohol and caffeine reduction play in managing chronic heart conditions?

Chronic Diseases

A

Reducing alcohol and caffeine intake can help manage arrhythmias and high blood pressure, benefiting heart health.

32
Q

How does stress management assist in treating chronic diseases?

Chronic Diseases

A

Stress management can help lower blood pressure, reduce heart strain, and improve overall emotional and physical well-being.

33
Q

What is the impact of dietary fiber on heart health?

Chronic Diseases

A

High fiber intake can improve cholesterol levels, help manage blood sugar, and decrease the risk of cardiovascular disease.

34
Q

What is the significance of measuring ejection fraction (EF) in heart failure diagnosis?

Chronic Diseases

A

EF assesses the percentage of blood ejected from the heart during each beat, indicating heart’s pumping efficiency.

35
Q

How is blood pressure used as a diagnostic indicator for cardiovascular health?

Chronic Diseases

A

Persistent high blood pressure can indicate hypertension, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.

36
Q

Why monitor glucose levels in diabetes management?

Chronic Diseases

A

Regular monitoring of glucose levels helps manage diabetes effectively, preventing complications like neuropathy and retinopathy.

37
Q

What does a high C-reactive protein (CRP) level indicate?

Chronic Diseases

A

A high CRP level suggests inflammation in the body, which could be linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

38
Q

How are cholesterol levels used to assess cardiovascular risk?

Chronic Diseases

A

High levels of LDL (“bad”) cholesterol and low levels of HDL (“good”) cholesterol increase the risk of arteriosclerosis and heart attacks.

39
Q

What role does hemoglobin A1c play in diabetes management?

Chronic Diseases

A

Hemoglobin A1c measures average blood glucose control over the past 2-3 months, indicating how well diabetes is being managed.

40
Q

Why are liver function tests important in diagnosing metabolic conditions?

Chronic Diseases

A

Abnormal liver tests can indicate fatty liver disease, which is often associated with obesity and diabetes, impacting overall metabolic health.

41
Q

What is the recommended frequency for blood pressure monitoring in hypertension patients?

Chronic Diseases

A

Patients with hypertension should monitor their blood pressure regularly, ideally daily if recommended by a healthcare provider.

42
Q

How often should blood glucose levels be checked in patients with diabetes?

Chronic Diseases

A

Depending on the type of diabetes and treatment, monitoring may range from several times a day to a few times a week.

43
Q

What are the guidelines for cholesterol monitoring in individuals at risk for heart disease?

Chronic Diseases

A

Individuals at risk should have their cholesterol checked at least once a year, or more frequently if levels are elevated.

44
Q

Why is it important to monitor weight and BMI in patients with chronic diseases?

Chronic Diseases

A

Regular monitoring helps track the effectiveness of lifestyle changes and medications in managing the disease.

45
Q

What precautions should be taken during physical activity for patients with cardiovascular conditions?

Chronic Diseases

A

Monitor heart rate and symptoms, and adjust intensity to avoid overexertion, especially in patients with known heart conditions.

46
Q

How should respiratory function be monitored in patients with chronic respiratory diseases?

Chronic Diseases

A

Regular spirometry tests can help track lung function and the effectiveness of treatments for conditions like COPD and asthma.

47
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50
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51
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52
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53
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DPT 693 - Exercise Physiology (14 decks)

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