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Biology > 16) Reproduction in humans > Flashcards

16) Reproduction in humans Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Testes

A

-Site of production of sperm
-Site of production and release testosterone

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2
Q

Epididymis

A

Storage of sperm till time of ejaculation

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3
Q

Scrotum

A

-Protects testes from physical damage
-Keeps testes at cooler temperature by 2 C than body to allow development of sperm cells

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4
Q

Sperm duct/Vas deference

A

Transport of sperm from epididymis to the urethra by peristalsis and action of cilia

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5
Q

Seminal vesicle and prostate gland

A

-Produce seminal fluid to provide nutrients for sperm to stay alive
-medium for sperm to swim
-Alkaline pH to neutralise acidity in vagina
-Seminal fluid and sperm form semen

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6
Q

Urethra

A

-Carry semen from sperm duct to tip of penis
-carries urine out of the body
-Urine and sperm never mix as there are rings of muscles that closes during sexual intercourse

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7
Q

What would happen if there is a reduction in diameter of urethra

A

-Pain
-Difficulty in urination and ejaculation
-Increase risk of bladder infection

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8
Q

Ovary

A

Produces egg cells, site of ovulation
Produces oestrogen hormone

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9
Q

Oviduct

A

-Site of fertilization
-Move down the zygote to the uterus by peristalsis and beating of cilia

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10
Q

Uterus

A

-Site of implantation of embryo
-site of growth and development of embryo into fetus

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11
Q

Cervix

A

Muscular ring close during pregnancy to help keep baby in place
Opens at birth time to let baby out

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12
Q

Vagina

A

Site of sexual intercourse and sperm deposition
Birth canal

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13
Q

Compare between sperm and egg cell

A

Sperm cell:
1. Smaller in size
2. Has flagellum, motile
3. Has acrosome
4. Less dense cytoplasm and no food storage
5.Many in number
6.Has X-Y chromosome, responsible for sex determination

Egg Cell:
1. Larger in size
2. Less in number
3. No acrosome, no flagellum not motile
4. More dense cytoplasm with large food storage
6.Jelly like layer
7. Only X chromosome
8.Move by cilia lining oviduct or peristalsis

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14
Q

Puberty hormones in male and females

A

Male: Testosterone released from testes
Female: Oestrogen released from ovary
(responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics)

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15
Q

Puberty in boys only

A

-Voice deepens
-shoulder widens
-testes stimulated to start producing sperm
-facial hair develops

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16
Q

Puberty in girls only

A

-Hips widen
-Menstruation starts
-Breasts develop
-Ovaries release egg cells

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17
Q

Puberty in both girls and boys

A

-Hair growth in pits
-Hair growth in pubic areas
-Growth spurt
-Body odour increases

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18
Q

FSH hormone

A
  1. Development of follicle to allow maturation of an egg
  2. Stimulate release of oestrogen
    (Targets ovary, produced in pituitary gland)
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19
Q

Oestrogen

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A
  1. Build up uterus lining to be ready for implantation of embryo
  2. Stimulates release of LH
    4.Inhibit the release of FSH
    (Targets uterus lining, produced in ovary)
20
Q

LH

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Stimulate ovulation, which is release of egg from ovary into oviduct to be ready for fertilisation
  2. Stimulates release of progesterone
    (change the remaining follicle into corpus luteum)
    ( Target ovary, produced at pituitary gland)
21
Q

progesterone

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Maintains the thickness of uterus lining to be ready for implantation
  2. Inhibit release of LH and FSH
    (Target uterus lining, produced in ovary)
22
Q

First week of menstruation cycle

Study These Flashcards
A

-Bleeding (menstruation)
-Drop in level of oestrogen and progesterone

23
Q

Second week of cycle

Study These Flashcards
A

-Oestrogen repairs the uterus lining

24
Q

Mid of cycle

Study These Flashcards
A

-Ovulation, stimulated by LH
-Release of egg from ovary into oviduct

25
Ferilisation
-Sperm reach egg in the oviduct -Acrosome releases digestive enzymes that dissolves the jelly coat -Head releases the nucleus into the egg -Jelly coat hardens to prevent entry of other sperm -Male and female haploid nuclei fuse together to form a diploid zygote
26
What happens between fertilisation and implantation
-Zygote divides by mitosis forming a ball of cells called embryo, which is made from genetically identical daughter cells -embryo is implanted in uterus lining
27
Compare the development of a fetus in the early stages of pregnancy to its development in late stages of pregnancy
1. Growth and development happens through all stages of pregnancy 2. Where growth involves increase in number of cells 3. While development is increase in complexity involving differentiation and specialisation 4.More development in early stages 5.More growth in late stages
28
Adaptation of placenta
-Has finger like projection: to provide large surface area for exchange of substances between mother and fetus -Continuous blood flow: to maintain a steep concentration gradient -Capillaries with thin wall: for shorter diffusion distance
29
Function of placenta
1.Allow gas exchange of substances: - Between mother and fetus, such as oxygen and glucose from mother to fetus, and waste products as urea and co2 from fetus to mother 2.Act as barrier: A)Reduce risk of passage of pathogens from mother to fetus B)Prevent mixing of different blood groups, which might cause clotting C) Protect delicate blood vessels of fetus from high blood pressure of the mother 3.Secretes progesterone -To maintain thickness of the uterus lining and maintain pregnancy 4.Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus to provide passive immunity
30
Umbilical cord
-Join the fetus with placenta -Contains blood vessels to take away waste products from fetus to mother -Deliver oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus
31
Umbilical artery
Deoxygenated blood from fetus to mother
32
Umbilical vein
Oxygenated blood from mother to fetus
33
Amniotic sac
Secretes amniotic fluid 1.Mechanical shock absorber 2.Prevent temperature fluctuations 3.Allow baby to practice movement 4.Provide sterile environment for fetus and collect fetus waste
34
Suggest what would make a male infertile
-Low sperm count -Weak sperm, cant swim efficiently -Unable to produce sperm cells -Blocked sperm duct
35
Suggest what would reduce fertility in a woman
-No ovulation -Low FSH and LH -Oviduct blocked
36
Types of infertility treatment
1.IVF (invitro fertilisation) 2.AI (artificial insemination) (MUST take infertility drugs beforehand)
37
Infertility drugs
1.Inject/Orally take drugs containing FSH during the early days of menstrual cycle, to stimulate follicle development to allow maturation of egg 2.By mid of cycle, inject LH to stimulate ovulation 3. Sometimes progesterone is given to maintain thickness of uterus lining
38
IVF process
1.Collect egg cells 2.Collect sperm cells 3.Mix together in a petri dish to allow external fertilisation 4.Allow zygote to divide by mitosis and develop an embryo 5.Embyro is inserted into the uterus
39
Implications of IVF
1.Very expensive 2.May not treat infertility successfully, might need to repeat process again 3.May lead to multiple births 4.Allows infertile couples to have children 5.Allows study of embryonic stem cells, allows screening of embryos
40
Artificial insemination
1.Collect the sperm from the donor 2.Can be frozen and stored for many months 3.Inserted by syringe in cervix closer to uterus 4.Inserted near time of ovulation where egg is likely to be in oviduct
41
Why semen is inserted in the uterus not vagina
-To increase the chance of fertilisation which occurs in the oviduct, as sperm survives only for few days in the oviduct -sperm is less likely to die
42
How to control STI's from spreading
1. Education about transmission and prevention 2. No sharing of needles 3. Vaccination 4. Testing and screening 5. Use condoms and femidoms to prevent mixing or body fluids 6. Use antibiotics 7. Abstinence of sexual intercourse
43
How HIV affects immune system
1. HIV destroys the lymphocytes over a long period of time 2. Less stimulation of phagocytes and lymphocytes 3.Less antibodies released by lymphocytes 4.Less phagocytosis by phagocytes 5.Weakening the immune system 6.Leaving the body prone to infections 7. Leading to AIDS
44
How HIV is transmissioned
1.Unprotected sexual intercourse 2. Sharing contaminated needles 3. Blood transfusion 4. Mother to fetus through placenta 5. Mother to fetus through breast feeding
45
How to calculate the fertile period
14 Days from 1st day of bleeding -3 for survival days of the sperm +2 for survival days of egg e.g. Period started at 5/1 Day of ovulation 19/1 (5+14) Fertile period 16/1 to 21/1 (19-3) = 16 and 19+2 is 21

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