6) Biotechnology

Question 1

nutrient inlet

Answer 1

supplying nutrients such as glucose for
respiration , amino acids for protein
synthesis and growth

Question 2

Probe

Answer 2

Monitor temperature and pH for optimum enzyme activity

Question 3

Water jacket

Answer 3

To maintain constant temperature for optimum temp for enzymes to avoid getting denatured or slowing rate
Temperature is increased inside the fermenter due to respiration of microorganisms releasing heat energy

Question 4

Air supply/Aeration

Answer 4

to supply oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 5

How to sterilize fermenter

Answer 5

By high temperature and pressure/steam/gamma rays

Question 6

Why sterilize?

Answer 6

1. To avoid contamination with pathogens and microorganisms
2. To avoid competition with any added microorganisms on nutrients and space

Question 7

Paddle stirrer

Answer 7

1. Ensure contact between microorganisms and nutrients by mixing
   2.Avoid settling of solid contents at the bottom
2. Equal distribution of heat

Question 8

Outlet

Answer 8

Collecting products for down streaming
1.Filtration to allow purification by removal of waste products, toxins, and microorganisms
2.Concentrate products and crystallize to be put into capsules and packaging

Question 9

Population

Answer 9

Number of organisms of the same species, living in the same place, during the same period of time

Question 10

Uses of ethanol (4) (yeast)

Answer 10

1.Break making (co2 makes dough rise)
2. Beer making (Barley seeds)
3. Wine making (grapes as source of glucose)
4. Biofuel using maize as source of starch

Question 11

Anaerobic respiration in yest eqn

Answer 11

C6O12H6 —> 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2

Question 12

Advantages of biofuels

Answer 12

1.renewable source of energy
2.reduce the amount of carbon dioxide added to atmosphere (burning biofuel produces co2 but plant grown absorbs co2 back for photosynthesis)
3.Less contribution in global warming

Question 13

Disadvantages of biofuels

Answer 13

1.Burning ethanol releases less energy per litre than fossil fuels
2.Reduce food production, by taking up land area of farming
3.Increase the price of maize
4.Deforestation, to increase land area for crop production, destruction of habitats, disturbing food chains, decrease in biodiversity and increase in risk of extinction

Question 14

Uses of bacteria in fermenter

Answer 14

1. Producing extra cellular enzymes used in Biological Washing Powder
2. Pectinase for extraction of clear juice
3. Lactase to produce lactose free products

Question 15

Biological washing powder

Answer 15

Contains enzymes that break down of large complex insoluble food stains into small simple soluble molecules to be easily washed out by water, as protease enzyme breaks down protein into amino acids and lipase enzyme breaks down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol

Question 16

Baby food

Answer 16

Baby food contains enzymes that breakdown large complex insoluble molecules into small simple soluble molecules to be easily absorbed into the blood, as amylase breaks down starch molecules into simple sugars for respiration and energy release, as protease breakdown proteins into amino acids for growth and tissue repair, lipase breakdown lipid into fatty acids and glycerol for thermal and electrical insulation and cell membrane formation

Question 17

Pectinase break down pectin to make juice:

Answer 17

1. more clear
2. more sweet
3. more soluble
4. larger volume of juice

Question 18

Advantages of using immobilised enzymes

Answer 18

1. No contamination of the product with enzymes
2. recycle enzymes to be used more than once
3. thermo stability and pH stability
4. large column to expose substrate to higher concentration of enzyme to increase rate of reaction

Question 19

Genetic engineering

Answer 19

Changing the genetic material of an organism by taking a gene from one species and inserting it into another species

Question 20

Outline the process of genetic engineering eg. insulin

Answer 20

1. Cut gene coding for insulin using restriction enzyme leaving sticky ends
2. plasmid from bacteria is cut using the same restriction enzyme leaving complementary sticky ends
   3.ligase enzyme stick thee insulin gene in plasmid forming recombinant DNA
   4.Reproduction of bacteria in fermenter allowing large scale production

Question 21

Why use same restriction enzyme

Answer 21

to leave complementary sticky ends so when using ligase enzyme both sticky ends pair up according to the complementary base sequence rule forming recombinant DNA

Question 22

Why use bacteria in GM (adv)

Answer 22

1. No ethical concerns
2. Small and easily grown in labs
3. reproduce quickly and rapidly
4. share same kind of dna
5. have plasmids
6. products are made in large quantities

Question 23

Advantages of using genetically modified plants

Answer 23

1. Grow crops resistant to insects
2. Grow crops resistant to herbicides
3. Grow plants resistant to pathogen and diseases(increasing crop yield)
   4.Grow plants resistant to droughts (increasing crop yield)
4. Grow plants rich to specific minerals
5. Food can be engineered into a more convenient one

Question 24

Disadvantages of using GM crops

Answer 24

1. Ethically unaccepted
2. might have harmful effects to humans
3. bacteria might escape from labs resulting in unpredicted consequences
4. seeds will be expensive
5. alter the taste of food
6. Nutrient content may be small
7. creates super weed, resistant to herbicides causing bioaccumulation of herbicides
   8.Consumers may refuse to buy GM products
8. reduce biodiversity