2/10- Ch. 3, 4 and 5 (Exam 1)

Question 1

What is water?

Answer 1

H2O

Polar molecule (polar covalent bonds)

Hydrogen bonds form b/n water molecules

3 phases

1) gas (water vapor)
2) solid (ice)
3) liquid

Question 2

What is water vapor (gas)?

Answer 2

Molecules are far apart

Few hydrogen bonds

Becomes vapor at 100 degrees C

Question 3

What is liquid water?

Answer 3

Molecules are close together

Max # of hydrogen bonds

Highest density of water phases
D= m/v

Question 4

What is solid water (ice)?

Answer 4

0 degrees C or 32 degrees F

Forms crystals

“Rigid” form

Less mass per volume compared to liquid water because ice floats

Question 5

What are the 6 characteristics of water?

Answer 5

1) cohesion
2) adhesion
3) surface tension
4) dissociation of water molecules
5) high specific heat
6) high heat of vaporization

Question 6

What is cohesion?

Answer 6

Attraction between water molecules (hydrogen bonds)

Question 7

What is adhesion?

Answer 7

Attraction of water molecules for a surface

Ex: water in glassware

Question 8

What is surface tension?

Answer 8

Interaction of water with air at the “surface”

Ex: helps lungs stay inflated

Question 9

What is dissociation of water molecules?

Answer 9

To separate water molecules

Happens in pure water

Acid, base or salt

Question 10

What is an acid?

Answer 10

Donor of hydrogen ion to solution

Question 11

What is a base?

Answer 11

Accepts hydrogen ion from solution

Question 12

What is a salt?

Answer 12

NaCl

An ionic compound that can form crystals

Dissociates in water

Question 13

What is a solvent and solute?

Answer 13

Solvent- thing that does the dissolving (liquid)

Solute- thing that dissolves (solid)

Question 14

What is pH a measure the of?

Answer 14

Hydrogen ion concentration

Question 15

What is the formula of pH?

Answer 15

pH= -log (H+)

Question 16

What is acidosis?

Answer 16

pH below 7.4

Question 17

What is alkalosis?

Answer 17

pH above 7.4

Question 18

What is a buffer?

Answer 18

Resist change in pH

Carbonic acid is blood buffer

Question 19

What is high specific heat?

Answer 19

amount of heat required to raise temp of 1g of solvent 1 degree Celsius

Intermolecular bonds= hydrogen bonds

Question 20

What is high heat of vaporization?

Answer 20

High boiling point of water

100 degrees Celsius

Question 21

What does hydrophobic mean?

Answer 21

Water fearing

Non polar molecules

Ex: fats and oils

Question 22

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 22

Water loving

Polar or ionic molecules that do dissolve in water

Ex: sugar and salts

Question 23

What is carbon?

Answer 23

Has 4 valence electrons

Can form up to 4 covalent bonds (single, double or triple)

Carbon covalent bonds are flexible (ring or branch shape)

Question 24

What is hydrocarbon?

Answer 24

Hydrogen bonded to carbon over and over again

Question 25

What is an isomer?

Answer 25

Same molecular formula but different chemical structures

Question 26

What is a functional group?

Answer 26

Group of atoms with specific characteristics Attached to carbon backbone SH (sulfur)- presents in proteins

Question 27

What are the 3 characteristics of functional groups?

Answer 27

1) solubility- hydrophobic or hydrophilic 2) act as acid or base 3) chemically reactive

Question 28

What is hydroxyl group?

Answer 28

-OH Hydrophilic

Question 29

What is the methyl group?

Answer 29

-CH3 Hydrophobic

Question 30

What is the carbonyl group?

Answer 30

COOH O = COH O = CO- Hydrophilic Weak acid

Question 31

What is the amino group?

Answer 31

NH2 NH+3 Hydrophilic Weak base

Question 32

What is the phosphate group?

Answer 32

``` OH | O-P-O | OH ``` ``` OH | O-P-O | O- ``` Hydrophilic Weak acid

Question 33

What are the subunits of bio molecules are composed of?

Answer 33

Monomers

Question 34

When monomers link together in covalent bonds what is formed?

Answer 34

Polymers

Question 35

What is dehydration synthesis or condensation?

Answer 35

2 monomers joined by covalent bond with removal of water Removal of water (water links together)

Question 36

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 36

Break covalent bond with water and end up with monomer Break bond between 2 monomers with addition of water

Question 37

What is the ratio carbohydrates have?

Answer 37

C : H : O | 1 : 2 : 1

Question 38

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 38

Short term energy storage Structural support ID molecules (molecules on cells that determine self vs non self)

Question 39

What are monosaccharides and the different types?

Answer 39

Monomers Triose C3H6O3 Pentose C5H10O5 Hexose C6H12O6 (isomers)

Question 40

Glucose + fructose = ?

Answer 40

Sucrose 1-2 glycosidic linkage

Question 41

Glucose + galactose = ?

Answer 41

Lactose

Question 42

Glucose + glucose = ?

Answer 42

Maltose 1-4 glycosidic linkage

Question 43

What forms polymers?

Answer 43

Dehydration synthesis

Question 44

What are the 2 isomers of glucose and explain

Answer 44

1) alpha glucose- OH pointing down | 2) beta glucose- OH pointing up

Question 45

What is starch?

Answer 45

Polymer of glucose 1-4 linkage of alpha glucose Storage form of glucose in plants

Question 46

What is cellulose?

Answer 46

Primary components of plant cell walls Polymer of glucose 1-4 linkage of beta glucose Fiber in humans

Question 47

What is glycogen?

Answer 47

Storage of glucose in animals Stored and made in liver Done storing in 72 hours

Question 48

What is chitin?

Answer 48

Modified polysaccharide Exoskeleton of some animals (insects) Very flexible Component of fungi cell wall

Question 49

Explain how waters specific heat, high heat of vaporization and expansion upon freezing affect both aquatic and terrestrial environments?

Answer 49

1) moderate temp fluctuations on earth creating a favorable environment for life 2) evaporation- cooking plants and people with rain

Question 50

Explain what 5 properties emerge as a result of waters structure

Answer 50

1) cohesion behavior 2) resists change in temp 3) high heat of vaporization and cools surface as it evaporates 4) expands when it freezes 5) adaptable (versatile) solvent

Question 51

List the 4 characteristics of water that are emergent properties resulting from hydrogen bonds?

Answer 51

1) cohesion 2) moderation of temp 3) floating of ice on liquid water 4) solvent of life is water

Question 52

What is the bicarbonate buffer system?

Answer 52

H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Question 53

What happens if blood is acidic?

Answer 53

Too much hydrogen ion H+ + HCO3- —-> H2CO3

Question 54

What happens if blood is too basic?

Answer 54

Need more hydrogen ion H2CO3 —-> HCO3- + H+

Question 55

What is a mole?

Answer 55

6.023 x 10^23 Big number to describe how many atoms there are