3/23- Ch.8 (Exam 3)

Question 1

What is potential energy?

Answer 1

Stored energy

Not being used at the moment

Question 2

What is kinetic energy?

Answer 2

Energy of movement

Question 3

What energies is kinetic energy converted to?

Answer 3

Heat energy

Sound energy

Mechanical energy

Question 4

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 4

Energy is not created or destroyed

It changes form

Same amount of energy but the form of it changes

Question 5

What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics?

Answer 5

There is a certain amount of energy before the reaction

Total amount of energy stays the same

Less usable energy after reaction

Question 6

What is usable energy?

Answer 6

Energy available to do the work

Question 7

What is the unusable energy?

Answer 7

Heat

Question 8

What is Entropy (S)?

Answer 8

Measure of disorder

Disorder increases overtime

Supply of energy into system decreases

Being alive is a fight against this

Lose of organization death follow

Question 9

What is free energy (G)?

Answer 9

Energy available to do cellular work

Free energy decreases
Entropy increases

Question 10

What are examples of cellular work?

Answer 10

Protein synthesis

Muscle contractions

Question 11

What is spontaneous reactions?

Answer 11

Doesn’t require energy input

Becomes more and more disordered

Question 12

What is ATP?

Answer 12

Adenosine Triphosphate

Nucleotide

Provides cellular energy

Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for cellular work

ADP + inorganic phosphate = ATP

Question 13

What is spontaneous change?

Answer 13

Diffusion

No energy required

High free energy

Question 14

What is exergonic?

Answer 14

Spontaneous reaction

Has energy

Product has less energy than reactant

High amount of free energy

Heat is released = products

Delta G is negative (do not need to give away energy for reaction to occur)

Question 15

What is enedergonic?

Answer 15

Energy must be added for reaction to occur

Product has more energy than reactant

Less free energy

Non spontaneous

Delta G is positive

Question 16

What is the activation energy?

Answer 16

Energy required to reach transition state

If activation energy is supplied the transition state is met

Question 17

What is the transition state?

Answer 17

Reactants becoming products if activation energy is supplied

Question 18

What reduces the activation energy?

Answer 18

Enzymes

-make it easier to produce product and speed up chemical reactions

Question 19

What is the delta E?

Answer 19

Difference in energy between reactant and product

Question 20

In the cell hydrolysis if ATP is coupled to what kind of reactions?

Answer 20

Endergonic

Question 21

What is the amount of energy released from ATP?

Answer 21

-7.3 kcal/mole

Question 22

What is anabolic synthesis an example of?

Answer 22

Endergonic

Question 23

What is catabolism breaking down molecules an example of?

Answer 23

Extergonic

Question 24

What is an example of anabolic reaction?

Answer 24

Protein synthesis

Question 25

What is an example of catabolic reaction?

Answer 25

Digestion

Question 26

What are enzymes?

Answer 26

Biological catalyst Decrease activation energy Active site where substrate bonds Reused Speed up chemical reaction Each has a max rate of reaction

Question 27

What is the lock and key model?

Answer 27

Enzyme doesn’t need to change shape for substrate

Question 28

What is the induced fit model?

Answer 28

Enzyme changes shape for substrate to fit

Question 29

What are the 7 factors influencing enzyme activity?

Answer 29

1) concentration 2) temperature 3) pH 4) cofactors or coenzyme 5) inhibition 6) allosteric regulation 7) feedback inhibition

Question 30

How does concentration influence enzyme activity?

Answer 30

High enzyme concentration = faster rate of reaction Increase substrate concentration = rate doesn’t go faster because all enzymes are full Substrate concentration is max rate when enzyme is saturated

Question 31

How does temperature influence enzyme activity?

Answer 31

37 degrees Celsius = most human enzymes Too hot or cold protein can denature

Question 32

How does pH influence enzyme activity?

Answer 32

Each enzyme has their perfect pH Pepsin- 2 Trypsin- 8

Question 33

How does cofactors or coenzyme influence enzyme activity?

Answer 33

Not proteins Allow substrate to bind more effectively to active site Cofactors - metal ions (Mg) - inorganic Coenzymes - vitamins - organic - act as carrier molecules - assist in certain types of metabolic reactions

Question 34

How does inhibition influence enzyme activity?

Answer 34

2 types: 1) competitive inhibitor - competes with substrate for active site - bonds to active site 2) non competitive inhibitor - bonds at site other than active site - substrate cannot bond

Question 35

How does allosteric regulation influence enzyme activity?

Answer 35

Molecule bind to allosteric site and cannot bind to substrate Allosteric inhibitor is removed enzyme can function Metabolic regulation

Question 36

What is allosteric regulation?

Answer 36

Allosteric activator binds and allows substrate to bind to enzyme

Question 37

How does feedback inhibition influence enzyme activity?

Answer 37

Final product of metabolic pathway can inhibit one of the first enzymes in pathway Convert energy and regulate metabolism

Question 38

Why are the phosphate bonds in ATP such high energy bonds?

Answer 38

A lot of energy is required to keep the negative charges of oxygen so close to each other because they repel each other