2. Cells & Tissues

Question 1

Epithelial

Answer 1

Covers body surfaces, lines hallow organs and cavities, and forms glands. “Tissue layer”

Question 2

Golgi

Answer 2

“Post office of the cell.” Packages and ships molecules.

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Energy currency of the cell. Andinosin Trisphosphate.

Question 4

Lysomes

Answer 4

Organelle that contains enzymes that break down and digest unneeded cellular components such as damaged organelle

Question 5

Microtubluls

Answer 5

Highway within the cell. Party of cytoskeleton.

Question 6

Phospholipids

Answer 6

Heads of LB. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum produces this molecule that is essential to making a cell membrane

Question 7

Ribosomes

Answer 7

Organelle that translates mRNA into protein

Question 8

Nucleus

Answer 8

Houses DNA/Chromosomes/genes & Nucleolus

Question 9

Chromatin

Answer 9

DNA wrapped around histone proteins

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

A cytoplasmic inclusion provides a rich and ready source of energy within muscle

Question 11

Flagellum

Answer 11

“Tail of the cell.” E.g. sperm cell.

Question 12

Peroxisomes

Answer 12

Organelle that contains several oxidases, enzymes that can oxidise (remove hydrogen atoms from) various organic substances.

E.g. oxidation/detoxification of ETOH or oxidation of amino acids & fatty acids for normal metabolism.

Question 13

Plasma Membrane

Answer 13

Cell’s flexible outer layer that protect everything inside and regulates flow of material in and out. Key role in identification between other cells.
Is always permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules.
Macromolecules are only able to pass via vesicular transport.

Question 14

Cytoplasm

Answer 14

I.e. Intracellular fluid. All cellular contents (cytosel & organelles) between plasma membrane and nucleus.

Question 15

Cytosel

Answer 15

Fluid portion of cytoplasm.

Question 16

Organelle(s)

Answer 16

Cell “organs;” or parts of the cell that have a function

Question 17

Lipid Bilayer…what’s it made of?

Answer 17

75% Phospholipids
20% Cholesterol
5% Glycolipids w/ attached carbohydrate groups

Question 18

Concentration Gradient

Answer 18

Difference in the concentration of chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other

Question 19

Electrical Gradient

Answer 19

Difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.

Question 20

Electrochemical Gradient

Answer 20

Concentration Gradient + Electrical Gradient

Question 21

Passive Processes (3 Types)

Answer 21

Simple Diffusion - move through LB of PM without proteins.

Facilitated Diffusion - Moves across LB with Channel protein or carrier protein.

Osmosis - Net movement of solvent through permeable membrane, “wants to go to where the party’s at.”

Note: Influenced by steepness of concentration, temperature, mass of diffusion substance, surface area & diffusion distance.

Question 22

Active Processes (2 Types)

Answer 22

Active Transport - Energy from ATP changes shape of transporter protein which pumps a substance across a PM against its concentration gradient.

Vesicular Transport - Exocytosis & Endocytosis

Question 23

Tonicity: Hypertonic

Answer 23

Shrivelled, pulls H2O out of cell.

Question 24

Tonicity: Isotonic

Answer 24

Neutral; Equal extracellular water content vs. intercellular water content

Question 25

Tonicity: Hypotonic

Answer 25

Bloated: Water rushing into cell.

Question 26

Vesicular Transport: Exocytosis

Answer 26

Material moves out of cell by the fusion with the plasma membrane of vesicles formed inside the cell.

Question 27

Vesicular Transport: Endocytosis

Answer 27

Materials move into a cell in vesicle formed from the PM.

Question 28

Vesicle

Answer 28

"Little blister or bladder." a small spherical sac. Moves a variety of substances from one structure to another in the cell as well as import materials from and release into extracellular fluid.

Question 29

4 Tissue Types

Answer 29

Epithelial Connective Muscular Nervous

Question 30

Epithelium: Squamous vs. Cuboidal vs. Columnar

Answer 30

Flat vs. cubical (blob) shaped vs. Columns (packed rods)

Question 31

Epithelial Tissue: Simple vs. Pseudostratified vs. Stratified

Answer 31

One layer vs. intermix layer or columns vs. stacked layers

Question 32

Nucleus Acids

Answer 32

DNA & RNA. Mainly C, H, O, N & P. Helps make proteins, carry instructions from parent to offspring.

Question 33

Proteins

Answer 33

Enzymes and antibodies. Mainly C, H, O & N. Makes up muscles, act as catalyst & carry messages.

Question 34

Carbohydrates

Answer 34

Sugars and starches mainly made of C, H & O (CH₂O). Provide and store energy and form body structures.

Question 35

Lipids

Answer 35

Fats and oils mainly made of C and H. Stores energy, carry messages and form cell membranes.

Question 36

Name a carbohydrate that is a disaccharide (2 monosaccharide units linked by a glycosidic bond)

Answer 36

Lactose

Question 37

Primary structure of protein

Answer 37

A linear chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Question 38

What lipid is used as a precursor for the production of steroid hormones?

Answer 38

Cholesterol

Question 39

Nucleolus

Answer 39

Assembles ribosomes

Question 40

Classifications of Connective Tissue

Answer 40

``` Embryonic connective tissue • Mesenchyme • Mucous Connective tissue proper A. Loose • Areolar • Adipose • Reticular B. Dense • Regular • Irregular • Elastic Cartilage • Hyaline • Fibrocartilage • Elastic Bone Blood (fluid connective tissue) ```