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Anatomy & Physiology > 4. Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

4. Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Perfusion Status

A
  • Pulse
  • BP
  • Skin color
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2
Q

What underpins cardio measurements

A
  • heart muscle contraction/relaxation
  • blood vessel resistance
  • blood volume
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3
Q

Location of heart

A

I’m the mediastinum

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4
Q

Heart Chambers

A

R/L Atrium

R/L Ventricle

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5
Q

Base vs. apex of the heart

A

Base is the top and Apex is the bottom for some reason

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6
Q

Inter-ventricular Septum

A

Middle wall of the heart between the ventricles

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7
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Right: Tricuspid
Left: Bicuspid/mitral

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8
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Right: pulmonary valve
Left: aortic valve

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9
Q

Where do coronary veins converge to from the myocardium?

A

Coronary sinus/Right atrium

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10
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

Full complex

  • electrical events
  • mechanical events
  • pressure changes
  • heart sounds
  • volume changes
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11
Q

Cardiac conducting system

A
  • intrinsic conduction system
  • autorhythmic nodal cells
  • pacemaker
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12
Q

Nodes of the heart

A

SA - Sinus
AV - Junctional
R/L Bundle Branches
Purkinje Fibers

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13
Q

Action Potentials of Autorhythmic Cells

A 
-60mv: Na+ entry: slow depolarization
(Pacemaker Potential)
-40mv threshold potential
-Ca2+ entry: fast depolarization to +mv (Action Potential)
-K+ exit: repolarization back to -60mv
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14
Q

The 2 Cardiac Muscle Cells Involved Cardiac Contraction

A
  1. Conducting System

2. Contractile cells

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15
Q

Cardiac Muscle Cells

A
  • Striated, one nucleus

- Branching Cells: joined by intercalated discs, communicate via gap junctions, quick cell-to-cell communication

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16
Q

Action potential of cardiac muscle (contractile) cells

A

Depolarization: From -90mv, Na+ influx shoots cell up to +30mv

Plateau Phase: due to Ca3+ influx through slow Ca2+ channels, this keeps the cell depolarized.

Repolarization: due to Ca2+ channels inactivating and K+ channels opening, this allows K+ efflux, which brings the membrane potential back to its resting voltage

17
Q

Mechanical Events

A
  1. Atrial systole (contraction)
  2. Ventricular systole (contraction)
  3. Diastole (relaxation)
18
Q

Heart Sounds

A

S1: AV valves (Lub)
S2: Semilunar Valves (Dub)

19
Q

Stroke Volume

A

“Per stroke”

Amount of blood pumped out of ventricle (~70ml) in one beat

20
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amount of blood ejected from the left or right ventricle into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute

CO (mL/min) = SV (mL/beat) x HR

21
Q

Regulation of stroke volume

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload (pressure to overcome ventricles to eject blood, e.g. ⬆️BP)
22
Q

3 tunics of blood vessel

A
  1. Tunica internia
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externia
23
Q

Continues capillaries

A

Tightly bound, small gaps.

Skin, muscle

24
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Larger pore, facilitated exchange (kidneys, small intestine)

25
Q

Albumin

A

Protein in blood that takes/keeps water back into vessel (oncotic pressure)

26
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

Remove excess fluid

27
Q

Factors in vascular/peripheral resistance

A
  1. Size of blood vessel lumen
  2. Blood viscosity
  3. Total blood vessel length

The higher the resistance the smaller the blood flow

28
Q

Venous return

A

Return of blood through veins with help of valves, resp pump and skeletal muscle pump

29
Q

Short-term control of BP

A
  1. Vasometer centre (medulla oblongata)
  2. Barotrceptors
  3. Chemical-hormonal
30
Q

Long term control of BP

A

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

31
Q

Vasomotor center

A

Regulates blood vessel diameter

  • Vasoconstriction: ⬆️BP
  • Vasodilation: ⬇️BP

Sympathetic Nervous System: vasoconstriction

32
Q

Baroreceptors Reflex

A

Pressure receptor

33
Q

RAAS

A

Kidneys: Renin, released when lower blood volume is detected
Liver: Angiotensin, is converted by renin into A1
Lungs: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), converts A1 to A2

34
Q

Angiotensin 2

A
  • Leads to vasoconstriction
  • goes back to kidney to cause release of hormone, aldosterone, which causes retention of Na and H2O
  • then goes to hypothalamus to cause thirst response
  • then goes to posterior pituitary gland to cause a release of Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), causing production urine
35
Q

Erythrocytes

A

Red Blood Cells

  • Transport O2 & CO2
  • Lack nucleus and most organelles to make space for hemoglobin (iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein)

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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