3. Nervous System Flashcards
1
Q
Mental Status
A
- Physical Appearance
- Communication
- Level of consciousness (GCS)
- Cognitive Abilities & Mentation
2
Q
Sensory Assessment
A
- Interoceptive Sensation
- Proprioceptive Sensation
3
Q
Cranial Nerve Assessment
A
- All 12 cranial nerves
- Oculomotor nerve (Pupillary Reflex)
4
Q
Motor System Assessment
A
- Muscle size
- Muscle tone
- Muscle strength
- Involuntary Movements
- Pronator drift
5
Q
Cerebella Function
A
- Coordination
- Station
- Gait
6
Q
CNS
A
Central Nervous System:
Brain + Spinal Cord
7
Q
PNS
A
Peripheral Nervous System:
- Cranial nerves
- Spinal nerves
- Ganglia
- Enteric plexuses (in small intestine)
- Sensory receptors (in skin)
8
Q
Sensory (Afferent)
A
Signal that comes in
9
Q
Motor (Efferent)
A
Signal exits the spinal cord
10
Q
Somatic vs. autonomic
A
Voluntary vs. Involuntary
11
Q
Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic
A
Flight or flight vs. rest & digest
“P for peaceful”
12
Q
Dual Innervation
A
serve the same visceral organs but cause opposite effect
13
Q
Parasympathetic Division
A
- Keeps body energy as low as possible
- “house keeping activities,” e.g. digestion, elimination of waste, etc.
14
Q
Sympathetic division
A
- Activates when we are excited or threatened
- Temporarily dampens nonessential activities
15
Q
Functional Cells
A
Neurons
- Electrically excitable cells
- Cannot multiply or divide
- 50% of nervous system cells
16
Q
Support Cells
A
Glial Cells (Neuroglia)
- Not electrically excitable
- Can multiply & divide
- 50% of nervous system
17
Q
Dendrites
A
18
Q
Soma
A
“The lollipop”
19
Q
Axon
A
Tail of
20
Q
Axon Hilock
A
Junction between
21
Q
Axon Terminal
A
Where the axon ends
22
Q
Schwann Cell (Neurolemmocyte)
A
Produces cover around the axon of the neuron, myelin sheath
23
Q
Multipolar Neuron
A
Motor neuron
24
Q
Process of Myelination
A
Myelin sheath (fatty material) electrically insulates the axon of a neuron increases the speed of the impulse.
PNS: Schwann Cells
(can myelinate only one cell)
CNS: Oligodendrocytes
(can myelinate several cells)
25
4 Different Regions of the Brain
1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)
- Gyrus (Ridges) & Sulcus (Valley)
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain Stem
4. Cerebellum (small brain)
26
5 Lobes of the Brain
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
5. Insula
27
Frontal Lobe
“Makes you you.”
Personality
Higher order
Executive Function
28
Parietal Lobe
Integrating environmental information
29
Occipital Lobe
Vision
30
Temporal Lobe
Hearing
31
3 Divisions of Diencephalon
THE diencephalon
1. Thalamus
2. Hypothalamus
3. Epithalamus
32
Thalamus
Sorting incoming information
33
Hypothalamus
Hormone regulation
34
Epithalamus
Sleep/wake cycle
35
Cerebellum
-Heavily folded: folia
-Precise muscle contraction
(Figures out how to reach out and grab a pen, planned by frontal lobe)
36
Brainsteam
Includes: (MPM) midbrain, pons & medulla oblongata.
Regulation of basic functions: heart rate, breathing, etc
37
Circle of Willis
Links anterior & posterior blood supplies
38
How much of the body’s oxygen supply does the brain use?
20%
39
Blood-brain Barrier (BBB)
Protects brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens
40
3 Layers Meniges
PAD
1. Pai Mater (soft mother)
2. Arachnoid Mater (spider mother)
3. Dura Mater (tough mother)
41
Choroid Plexus
Where CSF is produced
42
Where is foramen magnum
“Big hole”
| L1/L2
43
Posterior/Dorsal Root
Sensory information comes through here into the spinal cord after the posterior/dorsal ganglion (bulge/collection of neuron heads)
44
Ventral/Anterior Root
Commands come out here from spinal cord
45
Grey Matter vs. White Matter
Larger concentration of soma vs. axons
46
Where is an LP performed?
L3/L4 or L5/L5
47
Cranial Nerve X (Vagus)
- 2 mixed cranial nerves
- originate from medulla
- carry motor signals to lungs, heart & digestive organs
48
Spinal Nerves
- Connects CNS to sensory receptors, muscles and glands
- 31 Pairs
- All nerves are mixed
49
Regions of the Spinal Nerves
1. Cervical
2. Thoracic
3. Lumbar
4. Sacral
5. Coccygeal
50
Connective Tissue Covering Nerve
1. Endoneurium
2. Perineurium
3. Epineurium
51
Nerve Plexuses
Redundant nerves in interconnecting plexuses; helps to prevent total loss of motor functions with a spinal injury.
52
Where does sympathetic motor neurons exit the CNS?
Thoracic & Lumbar regions
53
Noradrenalin
Used by second motor neuron as the neurotransmitter to stimulate target tissue
54
Where does parasympathetic motor neurons exit from?
Brainstem and sacral part of spinal cord
55
Acetylcholine
ACh
| The major neurotransmitter for parasympathetic division?
56
Percentage of parasympathetic motor neurons that are in the vagus (X) nerve
80%
57
Ganglion
“Head” of neuron
58
Sympathetic
🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢 X 🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢Y
Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic
```
X= ACh
Y= NA
```
59
Parasympathetic
🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢 X 🟢🟩🟩🟩🟢Y
Pre-ganglionic Post-ganglionic
```
X= ACh
Y= ACh
```
60
(Somatic nervous system) single neuron from CNS to effector organs
🟡🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟦🟠 X
ACh
61
Action Potential vs. Graded Potential
AP allow communication over short and long distances.
GP allow communication over short distance only.
Production of AP or a GP depends on existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels.
62
Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
RMP is difference in electrical potential on either side of PM.
63
What determines that the membrane in a non-conducting neuron is (+) outside and (-) inside?
- Unequal distribution of ions across the PM and the selective permeability of the neurons membrane to Na+ and K+.
- Most anions cannot leave the cell.
- Na+/K+ pumps.
64
Distribution of Cl-, Na+, PO4- & K+ in resting membrane potential
“You’re O-K at home.”
```
Cl- Na+
🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵
◻️◻️◻️◻️◻️◻️
🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵🔵
PO4- K+
```
65
Overall charge inside neuron cell
Negative, because of protein & DNA, despite overload of K+
66
Threshold Potential
The point of no return [At -55 mV] enough Na+ comes into cell making it more and more positive (Na+ influx/depolarization) until it reaches a certain +30 mV causing K to leave the cell (K- efflux/repolarization) making it more negative until it passes -70mV to -90-100mV and then readjusts back to resting -70mV (After-hyperpolarization phase).
67
Factors that affect propagation
- Axon diameter
- Amount of myelination
- Temperature
68
Continuous vs. Saltatory Conductuon
W/o myeliantion vs. w/ myelination sheath
69
Synaptic vesicles
A vesicle that carries molecule from pre-synaptic neuron to post-synaptic neuron
70
Charge of neuron at rest
-70 mV
71
White Matter
Conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain
72
Grey Matter
Receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes
