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Anatomy & Physiology > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory Structures of the Eyes

A
  • Eyelids
  • Eyelashes
  • Eyebrows
  • Lcrimal (tear-producing) apparatus
  • Extrinsic Eye Muscles
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2
Q

Internal Structures of the Eye

A
  • Ciliary Body
  • Cornea
  • Iris
  • Pupil
  • Anterior segment (Contains aqueous humor)
  • Lens
  • Posterior Segment (Contains vitreous humor)
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3
Q

The Fibrous Tunic

A

-Outermost layer of the eyeball wall (Protects and shapes eyeball)

Made of 2 distinct regions:

  • THE SCLERA: Tough white layer of avascular connective tissue covering the posterior part of eyeball and provides anchoring points for extrinsic eye muscles.
  • THE CORNEA: Transparent anterior part of the fibrous tunic which helps to focus image.
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4
Q

The Vascular Tunic (Uvea)

A

Middle layer of the eyeball wall consisting of:

  • THE CHOROID: Contains blood vessels and pigment.
  • THE CILIARY BODY: Anterior extension of choroid, muscles control the lens shape and produces aqueous humor which fills anterior cavity of eye and nourishes lens.
  • THE IRIS: Contains a pigment (eye color). Ring of smooth muscle which controls aperture.
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5
Q

The Sensory Tunic (Retina)

A

The innermost layer of the eyeball which contains:

  • Outer pigmented cells to prevent light scatter.
  • Neural layer of photoreceptor cells, which respond to light, bipolar and ganglion cells.
  • The fovea centralis in macula lutea where the sharpest image is obtained.
  • The “blind spot” or optic disc where the optic nerve leaves the eye.
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6
Q

The Lens

A

Controlled by smooth muscle in ciliary body to change shape to focus image on retina.

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7
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Jelly-like substance made up of collagen and hyaluronic acid that fills posterior cavity of eye to support it.

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8
Q

Optic Nerve

A

Attaches at the optic disc and carries information to the visual cortex of the brain.

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9
Q

Eyeball: Photoreceptor Cell Layer

A
  • Pigmented Layer
  • Rod
  • Cone
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10
Q

Eyeball: Outer Synaptic Layer

A

Synaptic Terminals

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11
Q

Eyeball: Bipolar Cell Layer

A
  • Horizontal Cell
  • Bipolar Cell
  • Amacrine Cell
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12
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Contain photopigments for absorption of light in a cyclical process that create a receptor potential.

  • Rods
  • Cons.
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13
Q

Cones

A
  • Approx 6 million
  • Need bright light to activate
  • Produce color through RBG
  • Most dense at the fovea (center of visual field)
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14
Q

Rods

A
  • Approx 125 million
  • Important for night-time vision
  • Very sensitive in dim light
  • Most dense at the periphery of the retina and absent at the fovea
  • Have one type of visual pigment called rhodopsin
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15
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

Loss of central vision

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16
Q

3 Regions of the Ear

A
  • External Ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Internal Ear
17
Q

Auricle (Pinna)

A

The “ear” part of the ear, e.g. Reservoir Dogs

18
Q

External Auditory Canal

A

Ear cannal

19
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Ear Drum

20
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax, which is secreted by the ceruminous glands.

21
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A

3 bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations from the ear drum to the oval window:
MIS (Malleus, incus and stapes)

22
Q

The auditory tube

A

Pharyngotympanic tube & eustachian tube which extends from the middle into the nasopharynx to regulate air pressure in the middle ear.

23
Q

Rinne Test

A

Metal instrument that test air and bone conduction.

24
Q

Weber Test

A

Tests equality of sound: L & R.

25
Q

The Inner Ear

A

Contains a network of membranous tubes called the membranous labyrinth with a fluid, endolymph.

  • Cochlea or cochlear duct (hearing)
  • Utricle & saccule (balance)
  • Semicircular canals (balance)
26
Q

Process of Hearing

A
  1. Sound waves cause movement of the tympanic membrane
  2. The ossicles vibrate and transfer vibrations from the out ear to the inner ear (via oval window)
  3. These vibrations against the oval window cause pressure waves in the endolymph.
  4. Receptor hair cells in Organ of Corti move
  5. Neural impulse is generated in vestibulocochlear nerve.
  6. Information passes via the thalamus to the auditory cortex which perceives the sound.
27
Q

Equilibrium (balance) exists in two forms:

A
  • Static Equilibrium: maintenance of the body’s position relative to the force of gravity. Receptors located in utricle and saccule.
  • Dynamic Equilibrium: maintenance of the body’s position in response to sudden movements. Receptors located at the base of the semicircular canals.
28
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A

The organs that maintain equilibrium. Includes SUOS: saccule, utricle, both otolithic organs and semicircular canals
Stand Upright Or Slip

29
Q

Otoliths

A

Calcium carbonate crystals

30
Q

Olfaction

A

“Smell”

31
Q

Olfactory Epithelium

A

Covers the inferior surface of the cribriform plate and extends along the superior nasal concha

32
Q

Gustation

A

Sense of taste:

  • Sour
  • Sweet
  • Bitter
  • Salty
  • Umami (Meaty, savory)
33
Q

Gustation Nerve Pathway

A

Tongue ➡️ Vagus/glosepharyngeal/facial nerve ➡️ Medulla Oblongata ➡️ Thalamus ➡️ Primary gustatory area of cerebral cortex

Anatomy & Physiology (13 decks)

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