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From Flashcardlet > Quantitative Methods > Flashcards

Quantitative Methods Flashcards

0
Q

What are the four ways statistics help us meet the goals of psychology?

A
  1. Organize
  2. Summarize
  3. Communicate
  4. Interpret
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1
Q

What are the four scientific goals of psychology?

A
  1. Describe
  2. Predict
  3. Understand
  4. Apply
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2
Q

What are the two major types of data dealt with in psychology?

A
  1. Qualitative

2. Quantitative

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3
Q

Qualitative (4)

A
  1. Describes a quality of experience or attribute that cannot be meaningfully quantified.
  2. Categorize or classify a characteristic
  3. Assign non meaningful numbers (1=male 2=female in computer)
  4. EX. gender, fav. music.
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4
Q

Quantitative (3)

A
  1. Gives a numeric value, which may or may not be meaningful for an experience.
  2. Indicates amounts
  3. EX. Weight, height
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5
Q

Descriptive statistics (2)

A
  1. Procedures for organizing and summarizing sample data

2. Describes important information about the scores

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6
Q

Statistic (2)

A
  1. Number that describes aspect of the score in a sample

2. English alphabet

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7
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Procedures for drawing inferences about the scores and relationship that would be found in the population

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8
Q

Parameter

A

Number that describes an aspect of the scores in a population

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9
Q

What are the four scales of measurement?

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
  4. Ratio
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10
Q

Nominal scale (5)

A
  1. Contains numbers without inherent meaning given to categories of a qualitative variable
  2. For identification purposes (think name)
  3. Does not reflect an amount
  4. Assign 1 to males, 2 to females
  5. Discrete
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11
Q

Ordinal (3)

A
  1. Contains numbers that indicate a rough order without equal intervals and no score of zero
  2. Think rank order, clothing size, sports team rankings
  3. Discrete
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12
Q

Interval (3)

A
  1. Actual quantity that contains a scale, has numbers of equal intervals and includes the number zero but does not mean zero amount
  2. EX. Likert scales, intelligence, temperature
  3. Continuous
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13
Q

Ratio (3)

A
  1. An actual quantity, contains a scale with numbers of equal intervals and has a true zero
  2. EX. Amount of money I have, no negative numbers
  3. Continuous
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14
Q

Continuous variable (4)

A
  1. Measured and fractional amounts
  2. Continues between whole number amounts
  3. No limit to how small a fraction maybe
  4. EX. Decimals, 19.456 years of age
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15
Q

Discrete variable (3)

A
  1. Measured in fixed amounts that cannot be broken into smaller amounts
  2. Labeled as whole numbers
  3. EX. Being male or female
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16
Q

Raw scores

A

Scores initially measured in a study

17
Q

Frequency

A
  1. Number of times each score occurs in a set of data

2. Symbolized by: f

18
Q

Total number of scores

A

Symbolized by N

19
Q

Bar graph (3)

A
  1. Nominal or ordinal scales, discrete
  2. Adjacent bars do not touch
  3. X axis (scores) Y axis (frequency)
20
Q

Histogram (3)

A
  1. Interval and ratio scales, continuous
  2. Adjacent bars touch
  3. X axis (scores) Y axis (frequency)
21
Q

Polygons (4)

A
  1. Interval and ratio scales, continuous
  2. Allow fractional amounts between whole numbers
  3. Data points
  4. X axis (score) Y axis (frequency)
22
Q

Normal distribution (4)

A
  1. Bell shaped curve
  2. Symmetrical
  3. Highest frequency score is in the middle
  4. Curved never touches the X axis
23
Q

Negatively skewed (2)

A
  1. Low-frequency and extremely low scores

2. Pronounce tail is over the low scores, sloping towards zero where the negative scores would be

24
Q

Positively skewed (2)

A
  1. Low-frequency extreme high scores

2. Pronounced tail slopes away from zero, towards higher positive scores

25
Q

Bimodal distributions

A
  1. Asymmetrical polygon with two distinct humps reflecting high-frequency scores
26
Q

Relative frequency (4)

A
  1. Proportion of time that a score occurs in a distribution
  2. Decimal number between 0 and 1, indicating a fraction of the total
  3. To compute: f/N
  4. EX. 6/9= .67 (it happens 67% of the time)
27
Q

Proportion of the area under the curve

A
  1. The proportion of the total area under the normal curve at certain scores, which represents the relative frequency of those scores
28
Q

Percentile (4)

A
  1. The percentage of all the scores in the sample that are below particular score
  2. On the normal curve, all scores to the left of the score
  3. Percent of scores that you are beating
  4. EX. Your score of 40 is at the 50th percentile, so 50% of the scores are below 40
29
Q

Cumulative frequency

A

The numbers of scores in the data that are at or below a particular score

30
Q

Sum of X

A

The sum of the scores in a sample.

31
Q

Measures of central tendency

A

Statistics that summarize the location of a distribution on a variable by indicating where the center of the distribution tends to be located.

32
Q

Mode

A

A score having the highest frequency in the data.

33
Q

Unimodal

A

A distribution whose frequency polygon has only one hump and thus has only one score qualifying as the mode.

34
Q

Bimodal

A

A distribution whose frequency polygon shows two humps, each centered over a score having the highest frequency, so there are two modes.

35
Q

Median (Mdn)

A
  1. The score located at the 50th percentile.

2. Mdn is the symbol for the median.

36
Q

Mean

A

The score located at the mathematical center of a distribution.

37
Q

_

X

A

The symbol used to represent the sample mean.

38
Q

Deviation

A
  1. The distance separating a score from the mean.
  2. A scores deviation is equal to the score minus the mean.
  3. In symbols this is written as _
    X-X
  4. Always subtract the mean from raw score when computing a score’s deviation,
39
Q

Sum of the deviations around the mean (3)

A
  1. The sum of all differences between the scores and the mean.
  2. The sum of the deviations around the mean always equals zero.
40
Q

Line graph

A
  1. Plot a data point for each condition, and then connect the adjacent points with straight lines.

From Flashcardlet (65 decks)

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