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From Flashcardlet > Multicultural Psych. > Flashcards

Multicultural Psych. Flashcards

0
Q

Cross-cultural

A

Study of comparisons across cultures or countries as opposed to comparisons of groups within one society

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1
Q

Multicultural(ism)

A
  1. Study of influences of multiple cultures within a single context on human behavior
  2. Struggles for credibility
  3. Seen as subjective, unscientific, politicized due to difficultly with measurement, publication, and funding
  4. It’s a struggle to to spread multiculturalism and set the norm that racism is not ok
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2
Q

Culture

A
  1. Shared beliefs, norms, roles and self-definitions.
  2. Ex. Familial roles, communication patterns, affective styles, and values regarding personal control, individualism vs. collectivism, spirituality, religion
  3. Rituals, traditions, language, dress
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3
Q

Specific Cultural Topic Areas

A
  1. Descriptive: specific behaviors and activities associated with a culture
  2. Historical: a groups heritage and traditions
  3. Normative: the rules that govern the behavior of a group
  4. Psychological: emphasizes the processes like learning and problem solving
  5. Structural: reflects organizational elements of a culture
  6. Genetic: refers to origins of a culture
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4
Q

Race (biological construct)

A

Gene frequencies in a population (not much support with current research)

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5
Q

Race (sociocultural construct)

A
  1. Grouping that provides identity, empowerment, organization
  2. may change over time
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6
Q

Ethnicity

A

Combination of race and culture

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7
Q

History of multiculturalism

A
  1. Neglect of cultural variables
    - potential reasons include:
    a. Lack of diversity in APA
    b. Lack of diversity in research participants
    c. “Color blindness” instead of “being color aware”
    d. Nuisance variables
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8
Q

Etic approach

A
  1. Used with cross cultural research
  2. Searches for universal patterns
  3. Comparative
    -limitations include
  4. Failure to detect unique facets of a culture
  5. Favors cultures in which the approach is developed
    Ex. Study on Who has the happier marriage, U.S or Afganistan? (Biased because “happier” and “marriage” have different definitions in each country
  6. Sets up a deficit model
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9
Q

Emic Approach

A
  1. Used with multicultural psych.
  2. Culture specific orientation
  3. Respects differences
  4. No deficit model
  5. Addresses biculturality
    - limitations
  6. Needs to increase appreciation of within group diversity
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10
Q

Attitude on America outside of the U.S.

A
  1. Ugly American
  2. Cowboy
  3. Privileged
  4. Rich
  5. Wealthy
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11
Q

Attitude on America in US

A
  1. White= leader, decision maker in our country
  2. “Normal” doll = white doll, “ethnic” doll, “Asian” doll
  3. Personal experiences
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12
Q

Micro System

A
  1. Inner most layer

2. Layer of context that includes relationships among family members living within one household

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13
Q

Mesosystem

A
  1. Second inner most layer
  2. Layer of context that includes relationships in the immediate area outside the family, schools, work, extended family, community
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14
Q

Exosystem

A
  1. Second outer most layer

2. Layer of context that includes major societal institutions such as the media and the government

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15
Q

Macro system

A
  1. Outer most layer

2. Layer of context that includes the the cultural norms and societal rules that determine rules of conduct

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16
Q

Racism to white individuals?

A
  1. White privilege is a thing
  2. Reactions to fitting the profile of “privileged” include
    - discomfort
    - “white guilt”
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17
Q

Worldview

A
  1. Psychological perception of the world that determines how we think, behave, and feel
    Ex. Is the world safe or dangerous? Depends on county, gender, culture, sexual orientation, etc.
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18
Q

Culture boundedness within Psych.

A
  1. Personality psych: independent ego
  2. Developmental psych: styles of attachment, parenting
  3. Abnormal psych: delusions, hallucinations
  4. Difference: ?
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19
Q

Early race Theories

A
  1. Social Darwinism: some more evolved than others
  2. Polygenism: different races have different origins, some more inferior on evolutionary path
  3. Inferior races: in regard to intelligence
  4. Cultural differences: seen as biologically based racial differences
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20
Q

Hands on history study

A
  1. Did ethnic minority students learn as much as their white counterparts when both learn with the new “act out historical events” learning method
  2. Results indicate that children learn more when they identify with models displaying the behaviors
  3. This may explain the reason if ethnic minority children scored lower than white counterparts
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21
Q

The white standard

A
  1. Dominant research in American psychology views Whites as the standard against which all others are measured
  2. if ethnic minorities are measured as different from the white standard, the difference is seen as deviant or deficient
  3. Culturally deprived: when children from inner city environments were studied years ago, they were characterized as this
  4. Culturally different: those who are not the majority are different, implying “different” from what, they must be lower in the hierarchy
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22
Q

Internal vs. external validity

A
  1. Internal: casual inference, how well we know y was caused by x
  2. External: generalizability of results to larger populations
  3. Both are at odds with each other: when one is high the other is low (total control= low generalizability)
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23
Q

Quantitative

A
  1. Turning research question into meaningful numbers
    Ex. GRE, SAT, psychological surveys, Likert scales: I don’t like 1234 I do like
  2. logical positivism: attempt to measure the truth using numbers and statistical analysis
  3. Casual inferences can be made, gold standard
  4. Limitations with generalizability, and cannot manipulate some variables
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24
Q

Qualitative

A
  1. attention to context, full description, used when difficult to convert a question into numerical response
    Ex. Case studies, structured interviews, open ended questions
  2. social constructivism: no one truth
  3. No worry about psychometrics
  4. Limitations include time and money, gerneralizability, and publishing issues
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25
Q

Equivalence of measures

A
  1. Is there an equivalence between measures developed in one culture and their translations to another culture
    Ex. Do children with 1 caregiver form better attachment than children with 2 caregivers?
    -in European culture attitude is “yes, needs to attach to mother”
    -in Latino culture attitude is “no, needs to attach to large extended family
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26
Q

Conceptual Equivalence

A
  1. Refers to a term or phrase that is a culturally meaningful equivalent of the term being examined
    Ex. The term Depression does not exist in all cultures, but the condition can be identified by those cultures
27
Q

Linguistic Equivalence

A
  1. Translation of a term from one language to another that carries with it similar meaning
    Ex. Was it translated appropriately? Was it “back translated?”
28
Q

Metric Equivalence

A
  1. Numeric scores that are generally equivalent from one culture to another
    Ex. Some cultures may be “risk-averse” and not select extreme possible answers (Likert scale: the 1 or 5 option)
29
Q

Issues to consider with Research

A
  1. Type of study
  2. Sampling issues (random assignment), unusual circumstances
  3. Subject reactions to experimenter/ lab
  4. Awareness of ones own biases
30
Q

Early Race Theories

A
  1. Inferior races: in regards to intelligence

2. Cultural differences seen as biologically based racial differences

31
Q

Psychological testing

A
  1. Intelligence testing: early pseudoscience and theories suggesting race and culture are determinants of intelligence
  2. Craniometry: how big your brain is
  3. Goddard and Ellis Island: those with prominent brow and picturesque noses were more intelligent
32
Q

Intelligence testing today

A
  1. Culturally biased
    Ex. Questions on religion, historical figures, places, art
  2. Culturally biased activities
    Ex. Based on SES
33
Q

MMPI

A
  1. Psychological and diagnostic test
  2. Sampling issues included testing the mentally ill,and then using their families as the control group in the same study
  3. Interpretation issues
34
Q

Critiquing research

A
  1. Look at participants: who included “people” vs “some people”
  2. Look at evidence: generalizable
  3. Look at measurement: biases, validity,
35
Q

Imposed Etic

A

Imposition of an outsiders worldview on different culture

Ex. Having Gratitude or happiness feels different to other cultures

36
Q

Within the culture there can be a focus on self in terms of?

A
  1. Individualism: US

2. Collectivism: Asia

37
Q

Within the individual there can be a focus on the self in two ways?

A
  1. Idiocentric:

2. Allocentric:

38
Q

Stereotype

A

Generalizations about a group or its members

39
Q

Prejudice

A

A negative judgement about a group based on categorization

40
Q

Discrimination

A

A negative behavior about a group based on categorization

41
Q

Institutional Racism

A

Discriminatory behavior that is backed by institutional power

42
Q

Individual Racism

A
  1. Beliefs, attitudes and actions of individuals that support or perpetuate racism
  2. Can occur at the unconscious level
  3. Can be both active and passive
43
Q

Internalized Racism

A

Acceptance by members of the stigmatized races of negative messages about their own abilities and intrinsic worth

44
Q

Microaggression

A

Brief and commonplace daily verbal or behavioral indignities, that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights and insults

45
Q

Microassault

A

Blatant verbal, nonverbal, or environmental attack intended to convey discriminatory sentiments
Ex. Using racial epithets, telling racial jokes, not hiring non white individuals

46
Q

Microinsult

A

Unintentional behaviors or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a persons culture
Ex. Surprised an African American is a doctor, complementing an Asian American on their good English, assuming a Latino is a first generation college student

47
Q

Micro invalidation

A

Verbal comments, or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group
Ex. “You are being overly sensitive,” “I’m sure race wasn’t a factor”

48
Q

Immigrant

A

Individuals who decide to move to another country voluntarily

49
Q

Refugee

A

Individuals or groups who are forced to move from their homeland

50
Q

Barry’s six stages of Refugee Careers

A
  1. Predeparture: conditions that force refugees to flee their homeland
  2. Flight: period of transit away from homeland
  3. First asylum: first place refugees settle
  4. Claimant: first country of potential resettlement
  5. Settlement: country of settlement
  6. Adaption: adjustment to the new country of settlement
51
Q

Acculturation

A

The experiences and changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with a different culture

52
Q

Berry’s Model of Acculturation

A
  1. Assimilationist: giving up cultural identity of origin in favor of identifying with the host cultures values
  2. Separationist: identifying with cultural identity of origin and rejecting host culture’s values
  3. Marginalist: not identifying with host or original culture
  4. Integrationist: combining aspects of original culture and host culture
53
Q

LaFramboise’s Model of Acculturation

A
  1. Assimilationist: completely accepting host cultures values and beliefs
  2. Acculturated: being competent in the host culture without giving up ones culture of origin
  3. Fusion: process of combining own culture with host culture and creating a new culture
  4. Alternation: process of alternating between own culture and host culture depending on context
  5. Multiculturalist: understanding that culture of origin is acceptable by the host culture as one of many cultures connected by the social structure
54
Q

Acculturation stress

A
  1. Changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come in contact with another culture
  2. Usually occurs when physical and psychological resources are already deleted
55
Q

Hays identity facets

A
  1. Age
  2. Disability (acquired)
  3. Disability (developmental)
  4. Religion
  5. Ethnicity/ Race
  6. Socioeconomic Status
  7. Sexual Orientation
  8. Indigenous Heritage
  9. Nation of Origin
  10. Gender
56
Q

Derald Wing Sue’s Worldview Model

Locus of control

A
  1. Locus of control internal, locus of responsibility internal (the American Dream)
  2. Locus of control external, locus of responsibility internal (marginal man)
  3. Locus of control external, locus of responsibility external (learned helplessness)
  4. Locus of control internal, locus of responsibility external (strong ethnic pride and identification)
57
Q

Census data

A
  1. US: 64% white, 13% African American., 16% Latino, 6% other, 5% Asian, 3% biracial, 1% American Indian, .2% native Hawaiian
  2. California: 40% white, 37% Latino, 13% Asian, 6.2% African American, 5% biracial, 1% American Indian, .4% native Hawaiian
  3. Cal Poly SLO: 62% white, 13% Latino, 10% Asian, 7% other, 5% multiracial, .77% African American, .4% Native American
58
Q

Common experiences immigrants and refugees face in their host language

A
  1. Language barriers
  2. Support networks
  3. Family hierarchies
  4. New family roles
  5. Employment
  6. Education
59
Q

Attribution theory

A
  1. Internal-stable: joe is a really loud person
  2. Internal-unstable: joe is in a great mood today
  3. External-stable: joes friends are really funny
  4. External-unstable: joes friend told a joke
60
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A
  1. Tendency to overestimate dispositional (internal, stable) causes of behavior and
  2. Underestimate external causes
61
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A
  1. Tendency to expand (internal, stable) causes to the group

2. Ex. African Americans are really loud

62
Q

Costs of racism to whites

A
  1. Affective: anxiety, fear, anger, sadness, helplessness, guilt and shame, apathy
  2. Cognitive: loss of culture, distorted picture of history, lower self esteem, and authentic self
  3. Behavioral: loss of relationships with other races/ other whites, avoiding situations where diverse groups are present, may have no non white acquaintances
63
Q

Statistics

A
  1. AA constitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated, but make up approximately 14% of the pop.
  2. 5x as many whites are using drugs as AA, yet AA are sent to prison for drug offenses at 10x the rate of whites
  3. Blacks and Hispanics 3x more likely to be searched during a traffic stop than white motorists
  4. Once convicted black offenders receiver longer sentences compared to white offenders (10% longer for same crimes)
    Source: u.s sentencing commission dept. of justice
64
Q

Effects of stereotyping

A
  1. Defensive reactions
  2. Threat to self, discomfort, internalized stress
  3. Effects the number of positive interactions with others
  4. Self consciousness
  5. Misinterpretations of others behaviors
  6. Negative assessment of neutral situations

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