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From Flashcardlet > Human Genetics chapter 8 > Flashcards

Human Genetics chapter 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Walter Fleming
What did he do?
1882

A
  1. Identifies threadlike bodies during cell division or chromosomes
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1
Q

Friedrich Miescher
What did he do?
Maybe not study

A
  1. In 1869 isolated nuclein from the nuclei of white blood cells (pus)
  2. Revealed nuclein contained C,H,O and less common N, P’s
  3. Nuclein from various cell types had the same makeup
  4. Showed, years later, nuclein contains DNA
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2
Q

Walter Sutton
What did he do?
1903

A
  1. Linked chromosomes as the carriers of Mendel’s units of heredity or genes
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3
Q

Friedrich Griffin
What did he do?
1928

A
  1. Ran elegant mice experiments on S and R strains of bacterial pneumonia
  2. S strain is virulent and smooth with gelatinous coat
  3. R strain is less virulent and lacks a coat
  4. Griffith isolated S strain from mice and injected heat killed S and live type R
  5. Transformation: killed S strain converted R strain to the virulent S strain
  6. Still unsure whether it’s DNA or protein carrying genetic info
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4
Q

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
What did they do?
1944

A
  1. They extended Griffith’s work
  2. Found same results as Griffith mixing R strain with DNA extracted from S type bacteria
  3. Proteases did not prevent transformation
  4. DNase abolished transformation of R to S
  5. DNA was Grifiths transforming principle
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5
Q

When was DNA accepted as the carrier of genetic information?

A

1952

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6
Q

Hershey and Chase

What did they do?

A
  1. Performed experiments with T2 bacteriophage (virus that infect bacteria, contain only DNA and protein)
  2. Proved Nucleic acid is the genetic material and chemical component of heredity by following S labeled viral proteins and P labeled DNA in infected E. coli.
  3. Radioactive viral protein injects DNA into e.coli, radioactive protein washed away, DNA was not radioactive and remained = proves not protein
  4. Radioactive DNA was injected into e.coli, protein washed away! radioactive DNA remain in e.coli and synthesizes new viral baby cells = proves yes DNA
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7
Q

Transformation

A

The process of transferring genetic information between cells by DNA molecules

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8
Q

Transforming factor

A

The molecular agent of transformation; DNA

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9
Q

Covalent bonds

A
  1. Chemical bonds that hold two or more atoms together that compose molecules, result from electron sharing between atoms.
  2. Covalent bonds are formed and broken during chemical reaction.
  3. Atoms form molecules, and are held together by stable covalent bonds
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10
Q

Hydrogen bond

A
  1. A weak chemical bonding force between hydrogen and another atom.
  2. Holds complimentary bases together
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11
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A
  1. A molecule consisting of 2 antiparallel strands of polynucleotides (running in opposite directions, that is the primary carrier of genetic information.
  2. Antiparallel Double helix
  3. Has one function
  4. Nucleus houses about 6.5ft. of DNA
  5. A’s pair with T’s and G’s only with C’s
  6. Sugar phosphate backbone on the outside of the double helix, bases face inward and H-bond
  7. Base pairing makes the two strands complementary in base composition
  8. Information is stored in the linear sequence of base pairs
  9. Each strand is a template for synthesis of new DNA
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12
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A
  1. A Nucleic acid molecule that contains the pyrimidine uracil and the sugar ribose. The several forms of RNA function in gene expression.
  2. Single strand
  3. Has many functions
  4. A’s with U’s and G’s with C’s
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13
Q

Nucleic acids

A
  1. Two types of Nucleic acids in biological organisms, DNA and RNA
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14
Q

Nucleotide

A

The basic building block of DNA and RNA. Each nucleotide consists of a base, a phosphate and a sugar.

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15
Q

Deoxyribose

A

Sugar in DNA

16
Q

Ribose

A

Sugar in RNA

17
Q

Nitrogen-containing base

A

A purine or pyrimidine that is a component of nucleotides.

18
Q

Purines

A
  1. Adenine and Guanine found in both DNA and RNA
  2. Base with a double ring structure found in Nucleic acids
  3. Arroyo grande big river purine
19
Q

Pyrimidines

A
  1. Thymine (found only in DNA) Uracil (found only in RNA) and Cytosine (found in DNA and RNA)
  2. Base with a single ring structure found in Nucleic acids
20
Q

Polynucleotides

A
  1. Nucleotides linked together to form chains
  2. Written 5’ to 3’
  3. Any change in the order or number of bases results in an altered phenotype (mutation)
  4. Each strand serves as a template for DNA replication
21
Q

Franklin and Wilkins

1953

A
  1. X-ray crystallography
22
Q

Chargaff

1953

A
  1. Predetermines base ratio
23
Q

Watson and Crick

1953

A
  1. Elucidate structure of DNA

2. DNA is made up of 2 antiparallel polynucleotide chains coiled to form a double helix

24
Q

Sugar

A
  1. In Nucleic acids, either ribose, found in RNA, or deoxyribose, found in DNA. The difference between the two sugars is in OH group present in ribose and absent in deoxyribose.
  2. Always in the middle of the nucleotide
25
Q

Phosphate group

A
  1. A compound containing phosphorous chemically bonded to four oxygen molecules.
  2. Backbone
26
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose

A

Pentose sugars found in Nucleic acids. Deoxyribose is found in DNA, ribose in RNA

27
Q

Template

A

The single-stranded DNA that serves to specify the nucleotide sequence of a newly synthesized polynucleotide strand.

28
Q

Chromatin

A

Each chromosome consisting of DNA combined with histone proteins that forms chromatin

29
Q

Histones

A

DNA-binding proteins that help compact and fold DNA into chromosomes.

30
Q

Nucleosome

A

A bead-like structure consisting of part of a DNA molecule looped twice around a core of histone proteins (further compacted chromatin)

31
Q

Supercoiling

A

Nucleosomes that are further compacted many times over called supercooling

32
Q

Semiconservative replication

A

In DNA replication, the two polynucleotide strands uncoil and each is a template for synthesizing a new strand. A replicated DNA molecule contains one new strand and one old strand

33
Q

DNA polymerase

A
  1. An enzyme that reads the template DNA strand and then inserts complimentary nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ direction to form a replicated DNA strand
  2. Also corrects any incorrect base pairs
  3. Not the only enzyme used in replication
  4. Complete DNA has one old and one new strand
34
Q

Centromere

A

A region of a chromosome to which spindle fibers attach during cell division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome it’s characteristic shape.

35
Q

Telomere

A
  1. Short repeated DNA sequences located at each end of chromosomes.
  2. In most cells the number of telomeres is related to the number of times a cell can divide before it stops dividing
36
Q

Telomerase

A

An enzyme that adds telomere repeats to the ends of chromosomes, keeping them the same length after each cell division.

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