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sociology midterm 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Physical development in young adulthood

A
  1. Physical function peaks
  2. Some declines in vision, endurance, metabolism, muscle strength, onset of stress, lifestyle related diseases
  3. Binge drinking and heavy drinking
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1
Q

Young adulthood age

A
  1. 18-40 yrs old
  2. Financial independence
  3. Career
  4. Educational pursuits
  5. Significant relationships
  6. Family role shifting
    7.
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2
Q

Piaget cognitive stage in young adulthood

A
  1. Formal operations stage: ability to apply abstract principles, enhance problem-solving skills, and seeing things from multiple perspectives
  2. Solidifies values and believes
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3
Q

Kohlbergs moral development stage in young adulthood

A
  1. Post conventional moral reasoning: stage 5: universal principles of right and wrong
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4
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial development in young adulthood

A
  1. Intimacy vs. isolation: intimate engagement with significant others, if you don’t achieve this you may feel alone or isolated
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5
Q

Common transitions and tasks for young adulthood

A
  1. Emerging and young adulthood, where am I?
  2. Trying out new experiences (love, work, education, finances) vs. commitment to love, work, education, finances
  3. Working toward occupation vs. established career, moving through transitions
  4. Residential instability and mobility vs. enduring independent residence
  5. Intimacy relations with others, not necessary sexual, self-disclosure
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6
Q

Default individualizations pathway vs. Developmental individualizations pathway in young adulthood

A
  1. Default: adulthood transitions defined by circumstance and situation rather than individual agency (SES, physical/ mental abilities, protective/ risk factors)
  2. Developmental: adulthood transitions defined by personal agency
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7
Q

Psychological development in young adulthood

A
  1. 3/4 of adults with psychiatric disorders experienced symptoms before the age of 24 (in order of precedence, depression, anxiety, bipolar, eating disorders, schizophrenia)
  2. 1/64 lost loved one to suicide
  3. 1/4 live with mental illness
  4. Suicide 2nd leading cause of death on college campus
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8
Q

Parenting in young adult hood

5 dimensions

A
  1. individual factors
  2. quality of partners relationship
  3. quality of relationship between young adults and children
  4. quality of each partners relationship with his or her family of origin
  5. quality of external relationships in school, work, community
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9
Q

Fatherhood in young adult hood

4 tasks of responsible fathering

A
  1. Economic and emotional support
  2. Basic caregiving
  3. Guidance and discipline
  4. Being there/ present
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10
Q

Cultural assimilation vs. accommodation in young adulthood

A
  1. Assimilation: new ideas and concepts are made to fit in what we already know
  2. accommodation: existing knowledge have to be altered to accommodate new information
  3. Assimilating and accommodating new ideas is something we lose as we grow older, old people are notoriously resistant to change as they shuffle into their twilight years
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11
Q

Risk and protection factors in young adulthood

A 
Risk
1. Problems in school, with family, relationships, abuse
2. Untreated mental illness
3. Poor education
4. Unstable employment
5. Criminality
6. Substance abuse
Protective
1. Work education plans by 18
2. Early social, language, and physical development
3. Social support, familial income
4. Supportive adults throughout childhood and supportive Microsystems now
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12
Q

Middle adulthood

A
  1. 41-64 years old
  2. Baby boomers (1946-1964) are 1/3 of the population in US
  3. Established family
  4. Peak in career
  5. Noticeable physical aging
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13
Q

Erikson psychosocial stage in middle adulthood

A
  1. Generativity vs. stagnation: ability to transcend personal interests to provide care and concern for generations to come. Creativity, productivity, guidance, inspiration, leadership
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14
Q

Personality changes in middle adulthood

A
  1. Extroversion, neuroticism, openness decline
  2. Agreeableness increases
  3. Conscientiousness stability peak
  4. Androgyny increases
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15
Q

Physical development in middle adulthood

A
  1. Changes in physical appearance (gray hair, wrinkles)
  2. Changes in mobility, strength, 1/2 inch/ decade bone loss
  3. Changes in health (acute to chronic, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, stroke)
  4. Peak performance for most mental abilities
  5. Brain bilateralization, brain behaving in a different way
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16
Q

Reproductive system in middle adulthood

A
  1. Menopause: permenant cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months
  2. Pre menopause
  3. Peri menopause
  4. Menopause
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17
Q

Factors that influence Intellectual development in middle adulthood

A
  1. Decline: hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol, APO-E gene
  2. Capacity: education, physical exercise, complex cognitive work
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18
Q

Intellectual peaks in middle adulthood

A
  1. Men= 50’s Women= early 60’s
  2. Inductive reasoning: recognizing and understanding patterns, relationships, analyze and solve problems
  3. Spatial orientation: visualization of stimuli in 2 & 3 dimensional space
  4. Vocabulary
  5. Verbal memory: ability to encode and recall language units
  6. Decrease in perceptual speed and numbers
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19
Q

Carl Jung socio emotional development in middle adulthood

A
  1. This is a period of time to reclaim the parts of the self that were repressed in the search for conformity during the first half of the life
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20
Q

Levinson socio emotional development in middle adulthood

A
  1. The life structure is of work and family. During middle adulthood people try to give more attention to whatever they neglected before
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21
Q

Convoy?

Kinskeeper?

A
  1. Relationships convoy: A network of social relationships that protects, defends, aids, socializes us
  2. Kinskeepers: Family members that connect the generational members together, needs are met
  3. Marriage: U shaped curve, marital satisfaction highest in early marriage, decline in early and middle adulthood, increase in post parental years
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22
Q

Trends in middle adulthood

A
  1. Empty nest syndrome
  2. Variability in timing of retirement
  3. Work and retirement blurred lines
  4. Increase in educational re entry
  5. Death of parents
  6. Siblings closer
  7. In-law additions
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23
Q

Baby boomers in middle adulthood

A
  1. 1/3 of population in US (1946-64)
  2. Baby boomer turns 50 every 8.3 seconds
  3. Baby boomers show improvement over their parents cohort at same age
24
Q

Risk and protective factors in middle adulthood

A
  1. Life satisfaction around 40, midlife crisis?
  2. Human agency
  3. SES
  4. Psychological vs. socially vs. biological age
  5. Men: most powerful risk factor was parental alcoholism from birth to age 18
  6. Women: negatively affected by paternal alcoholism during adolescence
  7. Serious health and mental health problems in early childhood and adolescence reemerge at age 40
25
Q

Late adulthood

A
  1. 65-84 years old
  2. 65-74 young old
  3. 75-84 middle old
  4. 85+ oldest old
  5. Majority of old people 65+ do not have Alzheimer’s
  6. Highest suicide rate of any age group (social isolation)
  7. Most do not loose interest in sex
  8. All five senses tend to decline
  9. Most are not living in nursing homes
  10. They are not happier if they are allowed to disengage from society
26
Q

Average life expectancy during late adulthood

A
  1. In the US, life expectancy in 2010 was 78.7 years
  2. 81 years for females overall
  3. 76.2 for males overall
  4. 86.5 for Asian Americans
  5. 82.8 for Latinos
  6. 76.9 for Native Americans
  7. 74.6 for African-Americans
  8. Women live about five years more than that
  9. At age 65, there are 137 females for everyone 100 makes
  10. At age 85, there are 210 females for everyone hundred males
27
Q

George Vaillant: how to grow old with Grace

A
  1. Care for others, remain open to new ideas
  2. Show cheerful tolerance to indignities of old age
  3. Maintain hope
  4. Maintain sense of humor and capacity for play
  5. Take sustenance from past accomplishments
  6. remain curious, continue to learn from next-generation
  7. Maintain contact and intimacy with old friends
28
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial development for late adulthood

A
  1. Ego integrity vs. Ego despair: older adults look back on life and need to feel a sense of fulfillment, feelings of wisdom or feelings of regret, and despair
29
Q

Mortality vs. morbidity

A
  1. Mortality: The frequency at which death occurs within a population
  2. Morbidity: The incident in disease
30
Q

Crystallized vs. fluid intelligence

A
  1. Fluid intelligence: The ability to respond quickly, memorize quickly, compute quickly with no error, to draw rapid inferences from visual relationships (recall)
  2. Crystallized intelligence: The ability to reflect and recognize similarities, differences, vocabulary (recognition)
  3. Intentional memory: events that you plan to remember (no decline with aging)
  4. Incidental memory: facts you have learned without the intention to retain and recall (declines with aging)
  5. Short term memory declines with aging
31
Q

Life review in late adulthood

A
  1. The process of evaluating and making sense of one’s life
  2. includes a reinterpretation of past experiences
  3. This is a common activity for older adults and it occurs across cultures and time
32
Q

Mental disorders in late adulthood

A
  1. Depression, older people have a lower percentage of mental health
  2. Anxiety around 9%
  3. Delirious: an impairment of consciousness, (50% of seniors)
  4. Dementia: A physical disease, but classified as a mental health issue, worsens overtime
  5. Alcoholism: over 3 million seniors affected
33
Q

Life course vs. continuity theory in late adulthood

A
  1. Life course: aging occurs from birth to death, involves biological, psychological, and sociological processes. Maturity is a process
  2. Continuity theory: individuals who age successfully continue habit, preferences, lifestyle, and relationships through midlife and later (fails to consider people who have unhealthy habits)
34
Q

Caregiver identity theory

A
  1. When dependency situation begins: person you are caring for is dependent on you
  2. Self definition as a caregiver begins
  3. Performance of personal care tasks (realization about whether you can care for grandparent or other)
  4. Outside assistant sought, formal service considered
  5. Consideration of nursing home placement
  6. Nursing home placement
  7. Termination of caregiver role
35
Q

Very late adulthood

A
  1. 85 +
  2. Fastest-growing segment of the aging population (baby boomers, better medical care and treatment, living longer)
  3. Cardiovascular disease 72%
  4. Urinary incontinence: 60%
  5. Osteoarthritis: 54%
  6. Women 9:1 (out of 100)
36
Q

Primary vs. secondary aging

A
  1. Primary: recognized slowing that comes with age (universal)
  2. Secondary: factors or conditions caused by health compromising behaviors
37
Q

Activities of daily living in very late adulthood (ADL’s)

A
  1. Bathing
  2. Dressing
  3. Walking
  4. Transferring
  5. Toileting
  6. Eating
38
Q

Instrumental ADL’s

A
  1. Light housekeeping
  2. Laundry
  3. Transportation
  4. Finances
  5. Telephone
  6. Medications
39
Q

Physical environment in very late adulthood

A

Must include

  1. Personal identity
  2. Sense of competence
  3. Intellectual, social and motor skills
  4. Security and trust
  5. Social interaction and privacy
    * for Alzheimer’s: good natural light, safe walking paths, not busy environment
40
Q

Factors that influence the dying process

A
  1. Previous experience
  2. Mental status
  3. Health status or pain
  4. Religious or spiritual beliefs
  5. Culture
  6. Sudden or prolonged
  7. Personal factors
41
Q

Relationships in very late adulthood

A
  1. Individuals continue to desire and need connections to other people throughout life
  2. Older people interact less frequently, but make thoughtful selections about the person with whom they will interact
  3. Relationships with the wider world grow more constricted
42
Q

Loss
Grief
Mourning
Bereavement

A
  1. Grief: The normal internal reaction, emotions, of an individual experiencing a loss
  2. Loss: The severing of an attachment an individual has with a loved one, in love object, or an aspect of one’s self or identity
  3. Bereavement: The state of having suffered a loss
  4. Mourning: The external expression of grief, social process including the cultural traditions and rituals that guide behavior after a death
43
Q

Patterns of grieving

A
  1. Normal (6 months)
  2. Chronic
  3. Delayed
  4. Absent: not much distress at all
44
Q

Advanced directives

A
  1. Documents that give instructions about desired healthcare in the future when individuals cannot speak for themselves
45
Q

End of life signs/ symptoms

A
  1. Temperature and circulation changes
  2. Sleeping
  3. Vision and hearing
  4. Secretions in mouth, congestion
  5. Incontinence
  6. Restlessness and confusion
  7. Eating, drinking, swallowing difficult
  8. Breathing changes
  9. Pain
46
Q

End of life care

A

.

47
Q

Palliative care vs. hospice

A
  1. Palliative care: A form of care focusing on pain and symptom management as opposed to curing disease
  2. Hospice: One model of palliative care (mp, rn, msg, spiritual counselor, home health aid, volunteer)
48
Q

Alzheimer’s and dementia warning signs

A
  1. Memory changes that disrupt daily life
  2. Challenges in planning or solving problems
  3. Difficulty completing familiar tasks
  4. Confusion with time or place
  5. Trouble with visual images and spatial relationships
  6. New problems with words and speaking or writing
  7. Misplacing things and losing the ability to retrace steps
  8. Decreased or poor judgment
  9. With drawl from work or social activities
49
Q

Alzheimer’s vs. dementia

A
  1. Dementia: condition that describes a loss of cognitive functioning that interferes with daily life
  2. 5 types of dementia: reversible dementia, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia, lest body disease, Alzheimer’s disease
  3. Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia: most common type
  4. Causes changes in: memory, language, thought, navigation, behavior, personality, mood, planning and organizing
50
Q

Reversible vs. irreversible dementia

A

Reversible: depression, delirium, emotional disorders, metabolic disorders, eye and ear impairments, nutritional b-12 deficiency, tumors, infections, alcohol, drugs, medication interactions

51
Q

Stages of Alzheimer’s and dementia

A
  1. Early: recent memory loss, difficulty managing money, driving, or handling social situations
  2. Middle: difficulty with language, problems keeping track of personal items, may need help with grooming
  3. Late: Long and short-term memory affected, needs care around-the-clock
52
Q

Risk factors of Alzheimer’s and dementia

A
  1. Age
  2. Incidence higher in women, live longer
  3. Down syndrome
  4. Family history (25% if APOE -e4) (50% if PSE1 or 2, APP)
53
Q

Disease process of Alzheimer’s

A
  1. Fatal aggressive brain disorder
  2. Too much beta-amyloid is produced, it gunks up the space between neighboring neurons in the brain
  3. Ventricles enlarge
  4. Cortex shrivels, especially near hippocampus
54
Q

Statistics on Alzheimer’s and dementia

A
  1. 70% of people with dementia have Alzheimer’s
  2. 1/8 chance if 65+
  3. 50% chance if 85+
55
Q

Piagets stages of cognitive operations

A
  1. Sensorimotor (18-24 months): only aware of what’s in front of them, focus on self, and immediate environment, objects exist apart from self
  2. Preoperational (3-7): symbolic thinking, egocentric, over generalizes rules, many cognitive errors
  3. Concrete operations (7-11): solve concrete problems through application of logical problem solving strategies
  4. Formal operations: (11+): able to solve real and hypothetical problems using abstract concepts and empathy
56
Q

Kohlbergs stages of moral development

A
  1. Preconventional morality (stage 1): obedience and punishment (stage 2): individualism-not just one right view from authority, different people different authority
  2. Conventional morality (stage 3): good interpersonal relationships-answers to the approval of others, good in order to be seen as good (stage 4): understands the wider rules of society, obeying rules in order to uphold the law and avoid guilt
  3. Post conventional morality (stage 5): universal principles of right and wrong
57
Q

Erikson stages of psychosocial development

A
  1. Infancy to 2 yrs: trust vs mistrust (physical needs met)
  2. Early childhood 2-3 yrs: autonomy vs. shame and doubt (personal control of physical body)
  3. Middle childhood 3-5 yrs: initiative vs. guilt (control over environment)
  4. Late childhood 6-11 yrs: industry vs. inferiority (develop competence)
  5. Adolescence 12-18 yrs: identity vs. role confusion (development of self)
  6. Young adulthood 19-40 yrs: intimacy vs. isolation (loving relationships)
  7. Middle adulthood 40-65 yrs: generativity vs. stagnation (nurturing new generations)
  8. Late adulthood 65+ yrs: ego integrity vs. despair (reflections on life, fulfillment)
58
Q

Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory

A

From inside out

  1. You
  2. Microsystem: Family, school, peers, church, workplace, neighborhood
  3. Mesosystem: extension of microsystem
  4. Exosystem: economic system, political, education, government, religious system
  5. Macrosystem: overarching beliefs and values
  6. Chronosytem: dimension of time

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