2.2 Learning

Question 1

Classical Conditioning

Answer 1

we are conditioned to do have a response to a certain stimulus

Question 2

Pavlov

Answer 2

rings bell, feeds dog, dog conditioned to salivate when it hears the bell noise

Question 3

Unconditional Stimulus

Answer 3

Natural stimulus to Unconditioned Response. Food.

Question 4

Unconditioned Response

Answer 4

Natural response to Unconditional Stimulus. Salivate to food

Question 5

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

Unnatural stimulus to Unconditioned Response. Bell.

Question 6

Conditioned Response

Answer 6

Unnatural response to Unnatural Stimulus. Salivate to bell.

Question 7

Principles of Classical Conditioning

Answer 7

Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Higher Order Conditioning, Stimulus Generalization, Stimulus Discrimination.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

disappearance of conditional response from conditional stimulus

Question 9

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 9

reappearance of conditioned response in the presence of the conditioned stimulus after its apparent extinction. Usually goes back to extinction, but sometimes flares up.

Question 10

Higher Order Conditioning

Answer 10

When a new neutral stimulus is conditioned to an already existing conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 11

tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to conditional stimulus.

Question 12

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 12

responds to conditioned stimulus, not ones that are similar.

Question 13

Little Albert

Answer 13

Watson. Shows “Little Albert” a little white rat, bangs gong, Little Albert is now scared of little fuzzy white things.

Question 14

Phobias

Answer 14

Classical conditioning can be used to help people overcome phobias

Question 15

Task Aversion

Answer 15

when a bad thing happens to someone while doing an unrelated task, they can develop a dislike to that thing (food + getting sick)

Question 16

Operant Conditioning

Answer 16

Skinner. Response is more or less likely to occur in the future depending on its consequences.

Question 17

Reinforcement

Answer 17

Makes the behavior more likely to occur in the future.

Question 18

Punishment

Answer 18

Makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future.

Question 19

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 19

A given thing makes a behavior more likely. Candy

Question 20

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 20

A taken thing makes a behavior more likely. Car beeping

Question 21

Positive Punishment

Answer 21

A given thing makes a behavior less likely. Spank

Question 22

Negative Punishment

Answer 22

A taken thing makes a behavior less likely.

Question 23

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 23

Reinforce behavior every time it occurs. Best for teaching someone to master a new behavior. Very prone to extinction.

Question 24

Partial/Intermittent Reinforcement

Answer 24

sometimes reinforced. Longer to learn, harder to go extinct.

Question 25

Fixed Ratio

Answer 25

Reinforcement happens after a set number of times

Question 26

Variable Ratio

Answer 26

Reinforced after average number of responses

Question 27

Fixed Interval

Answer 27

Reinforcement after a fixed amount of time and behavior. Patient only does behavior when the time is almost done.

Question 28

Variable Interval

Answer 28

Average time interval.

Question 29

Shaping

Answer 29

Success of approximations of a desired response are reinforced.

Question 30

Observational Learning

Answer 30

Bandera. People tend to do things they see others do

Question 31

Bobo Doll Experiment

Answer 31

Baby watches student beat up doll, does the same when given the chance.