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Psychology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

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1
Q

Explanations of formation

A

Socio-biological and rewards/needs

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2
Q

Socio-Biological explanation

A

Evolutionary, best way to survive

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3
Q

Rewards/needs

A

Behaviourist, operant and classical conditioning

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4
Q

Explanations of maintenance

A

SET, Equity

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5
Q

SET

A

effect of costs and rewards, want to maximise profit

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6
Q

Equity

A

motivated to achieve fairness, maintnernace occurs from balance and stability

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7
Q

Explanations of Breakdown

A

Duck, Lee

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8
Q

Ducks model

A

stage theory

Intrapsycic, dyadic, social and grave dressing

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9
Q

Lees model

A

dissatisfaction, exposure, negotiation, resolution and termination

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10
Q

Relationship between sexual selection and reproductive behaviour

A

Sexually selected traits increase reproducrtive success, gender differences, inter and intra sexual selection

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11
Q

Sex differences in parental investment

A

investment increases chance of survival, females invest most but guaranteed maternity

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12
Q

Parent offspring conflict

A

children desire more investment than parents are selected to provide as have to allocate it to all offspring

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13
Q

Effects of early experience on adult relationships

A

Attachment styles, peers, culture

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14
Q

Attachment styles

A

secure attachment more likely to have stable satisfying relationships and insecure avoidant more likely to have trust problems

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15
Q

Interactions with peers

A

help develop social skills, from friendship groups individulas form relationships

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16
Q

Cultural influence

A

western choose on romantic attraction, other cultures have arranged marriage, collectivist and individualistic cultures, urban populations have more chances of meeting people

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17
Q

Factors influencing attitudes to food

A

mood, cultural influences and health concerns

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18
Q

Mood

A

stress can affect what we eat, mood often affects what type of food we eat

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19
Q

Cultural influences

A

different practices, traditions, special days and restrict certain foods. Transmitted to group by reinforcement and social learning

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20
Q

Health concerns

A

desire to avoid unhealthy foods, education is key and healthy foods have to be acessible

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21
Q

Restraint theory

A

cognitive boundary on foos often leads to episodes of overeating

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22
Q

Other explanation

A

unsustainable targets, concentration and ghrelin

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23
Q

Success of dieting

A

usually a combination, incentives and motivation, weight watchers and SLT

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24
Q

Biological explanations of eating behaviour

A

Neural mechanisms, hormones and set point theory

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25
Q

Neural Mechanisms

A

LH is hunger centre, VMH is satiety centre

glucose low- liver- LH- hunger- eating- glucose- VMH- satiety

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26
Q

Hormones

A

fat hormone leptin signals hypothalamus that calorific storage is high, so when levels low it gives rise to hunger

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27
Q

Set point theory

A

Everyone has own metabolic rate based on calorie consumption

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28
Q

Evolutionary explanations for food preference

A

sweet, salty, bitter and meat

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29
Q

Sweet preferences

A

preference is widespread, high energy and non toxic

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30
Q

Salty food preferences

A

necessary for body to function, keeps body hydrated

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31
Q

Explanations of obesity

A

Psychodynamic, Behaviourist, Genetic, Neurological and Evolutionary

32
Q

Psychodynamic

A

unresolved conflicts during development through psychosexual stages, overindulgence during oral stage

33
Q

Behaviourist

A

food associated to natural pleasure(CC), used to reinforce desirable behaviour(OC), role models(SLT)

34
Q

Genetic

A

inherited basis to obesity

35
Q

Neurological

A

faulty functioning hypothalamus could lead to obesity as if VMH doesn’t work there’s no satiety response

36
Q

Evolutionary

A

selective favour for those who could find food, no its readily available but our genes still favour this, foods not part of the past, possibility of the thrifty gene

37
Q

Kohlbergs theory

A

knowledge arises from children actively constructing an understanding of the world through interacting with it. Labelling, stability, constancy
When constancy is achieved they develop gender concepts to suit there own gender

38
Q

Schema theory

A

gender identity alone provides children with motivation to assume sex-typed behaviours, schemas are basis for interpreting environment and selecting approporiate behaviours

39
Q

Biological influences on gender

A

physical differeneces are biological, testosterone levels affect brain development, CAH

40
Q

Evolutionary theory

A

gender roles due to different selective pressures, big gender differences

41
Q

Biosocial

A

perception of biological sex leads to gender identity, new borns are lablelled and then treated in a certain way. Should be possible to change in way not confined by traditional gender views

42
Q

Gender Dysphoria

A

feel uncomfortable with biological gender and wish to change it, normally occurs at young age and doesn’t last till adulthood. Could occur through gene variants or conditioning

43
Q

Social influences on gender

A

Parents, media, peers, schools, cultural

44
Q

Parents

A

treat each gender differently(toys, clothes)

45
Q

Media

A

Constant message due to huge influences, characters often portrayed in stereotypical ways

46
Q

Peers

A

act as role models, seek like minded peers and they police gender behaviour

47
Q

Schools

A

separate dress code, praise of appropriate behaviour, gender specific subjects

48
Q

Cultural influences on gender

A

roles different, 3rd and 4th sexes. But hard to replicate studies and a lot of researcher bias

49
Q

Clinical charactersistics of schizophrenia

A

1% of population, affects thought processes and ability to determine reality, many different subtypes

50
Q

Reliability of diagnosis

A

DSM is more reliable than ICD and reliability has improved over time, far from 100% reliable but provides a common language

51
Q

Validity of diagnosis

A

often doesn’t lead to successful treatment, must be accurate as there is a stigma. All symptoms are self reported so hard to discern real from pseudo patients

52
Q

Explanations for schizophrenia

A

Genetics, Biochemical, Cognitive, Socio-cultural

53
Q

Genetic explanation for schizophrenia

A

Twin and adoption have indicated genetic component but hard to separate from environmental factors, gene mapping has identifies high risk genes

54
Q

Biochemical explanation for schizophrenia

A

Excess dopamine causes the disorder, L-Dopa

55
Q

Cognitive explanation for schizophrenia

A

maladaptive thinking linked to many symptoms, cant filter out info so become overwhelmed with it. Breakdown between info in stored memory and new incoming data

56
Q

Socio-cultural explanations for schizophrenia

A

Labelling creates a social role where individuals behave in a stereotypically way and affects how other interpret and react to behaviour, degree of expressed emotion is an indicator of relapse, double bind theory; conflicting messages in childhood and social causation

57
Q

Schizophrenia therapies

A

Drugs, ECT, CBT and Psychodynamic

58
Q

Drugs

A

primary treatment, dampen symptoms, effective and cheap. 3% schizophrenics live in hospital. High relapse rate and serious side effects

59
Q

ECT

A

cant have schizophrenia and epilepsy so epileptic fit would remove disorder, serious risk and side effects

60
Q

CBT

A

modifies delusions and hallucinations, problems and experiences are evaluated and what causes them and then work on strategies to cope

61
Q

Psychodynamic

A

Causes are developed in early relationships, treatment aims to provide links between symptoms and early experiences, taught forms of communication to achieve insight into problems

62
Q

Media influences on pro and anti social behaviour

A

SLT, Cognitive priming, Desensitisation

63
Q

SLT

A

occurs through reinforcement as behaviours are rewarded and so imitated. Attention, retention, reproduction and motivation

64
Q

Cognitive priming

A

cues in the media affects behaviour, remember violent and pro-social acts as scripts for later behaviour and will be triggered in similar situations

65
Q

Desensitisation

A

reduction of emotional response to stimulus, repeated exposure of violence reduces its impact on individuals. Increased chance of them being violent as they are separated from the consequences

66
Q

Effects of video games on behaviour

A

active role and take up large periods of time, can cause addiction problems. Excessive play can lead to desensitisation but dose have some positive impacts such as stress releaser

67
Q

Effect of computers on behaviour

A

Positive tool for communication and learning, risk of dependency on it and lack of face to face communication

68
Q

Hovland-Yale model

A

attitude change is a response to communication, 4 factors: communicator, message, channel and audience

69
Q

Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)

A

concentrated on cognition rather than content. Central route; motivation and ability to think about messages. Peripheral route; no impact from CR if cues still present persuasion can occur

70
Q

Persusiveness of TV adverts

A

Hypodermic effects, 2 step flow and uses and gratification theory

71
Q

Hypodermic effect

A

Ad’s targeted at specific population and are easily manipulated, passive recipients

72
Q

2 step flow

A

ads filtered through opinion leaders who then pass on message to rest of society, audience are active in the process

73
Q

Uses and gratification theory

A

People are active processors and use Ad’s to fulfil needs. Provide escape, social interaction, education and entertainment

74
Q

Social Psychological explanations of celebrity

A

Attractive due to enviable lifestyle, act as role models. Para-social relationships created. Exposure effect.

75
Q

Evolutionary explanations of celebrity

A

Behaviours linked to attractiveness of celebrity were adaptive in EEA. Gossip, enhanced statues leads to more resources

76
Q

Celbrity worship

A

occurs at all ages peaks between 11 and 17. Less education, more amount of worship

77
Q

Stalking

A

wilful and repeated following or harassing of a person that threatens their safety. Typical profile is male with high incidences of mental illness, drug use and criminality. Link between stalking and attachment patterns

Psychology (13 decks)

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