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From Flashcardlet > 5/2 > Flashcards

5/2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 primary vesicles of the developing brain?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain), Mesenscephalon (midbrain), Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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2
Q

What/When do each of the 3 primary vesicles develop into?

A

5th week of development
Pro = Telencephalon and Diencephalon
Mes = Mesencephalon
Rho = Metencephalon and Myencephalon

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3
Q

What are the adult derivatives of the Tel, Di, Mes, Met, and Myelencephalon?

A

Tel: Cerebral hemispheres, Basal Ganglia, Hipocampus, Amygdala
Di: Hypothalamus, Thalamus, Optic nerves/tracts, pineal
Mes: Midbrain
Met: Pons, Cerebellum
Mye: Medulla

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4
Q

What can an elevated AFP represent? Decreased?

A

Elevated: NT defects (also elevated ACh), anencephaly, oomphalmocele

Decreased: Down Syndrome

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5
Q

Features and cause of Anencephaly

A

Cause: low folate, maternal DM1

Features: malformation of anterior neural tube –> no forebrain, can result in polyhydramnios (no swallowing center) and increased AFP

Clx: open calvarium (frog baby)

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6
Q

Features and cause of Holoprosencephaly

A

Cause: Sonic Hedgehog gene malformation, Patau (trisomy 13), F.A.S.,

Features: Falure of left/right hemispheres to seperate

Clx: Cleft lip, cyclopia

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7
Q

Arnold Chiari malformation

A

cerebellar tonsillar & vermian hernation through foramen magnum –> can cause hydrocephalus (aquaduct blockage) or thoraco-lumbar myelomeningocele

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8
Q

Features and cause of Sphringomyelia

A

Cause: Chiari I

Features: Occurs @ C8-T1 and causes Spinothalamic tract damage –> loss of pain/temp in cape distribution

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9
Q

Dandy Walker malformation

A

Agenesis of cerebellar vermis –> 4th ventricle enlargement –> hydrocephalus and spina bifida

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10
Q

What cells originate from the neuroectoderm, neural crest, and mesoderm?

A

Neuroectoderm: CNS neurons, ependymal cells, oligodendroglia, astrocytes
Neural crest: Schwanns, PNS neurons
Mesoderm: microglia

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11
Q

What does staining of the nissl substance identify?

A

A stain for nissl (RER) is good for cell bodies and dendrocytes (not neurons)

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12
Q

Function of Astrocytes, Microglia?

A

Astrocytes: support, repair, K metabolism. do reactive gliosis in response to injury (similar to fibroblasts) - Marker - GFAP (elevated in glioblastoma)

Microglia: macs of the brain, clean up messes. Can form multinucleated giant cells when infected w/ HIV

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13
Q

Function of Oligodendroglia, Schwann Cells?

A

Oligo: myelinators of the CNS: 1:many ratio. Look like fried eggs on H&E. Get destroyed in MS

Schwann: myelinators of the PNS. 1:1 ratio, promotes axonal regeneration. Get destroyed in Guillain-Barre

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14
Q

How do non polar molecules, glucose and AA’s get past the BBB?

A 
non-polar = lipophilic = diffusion
Glucose/AA = carrier mediated transport
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15
Q

Location of synthesis of NTs: NE, DA, 5-HT, ACh, GABA

A 
NE: Locus Ceruleus (blue)
DA: Substantia Nigra & Ventral Tegmentum
5-HT: Raphe Nucleus
ACh: Meinerts Nucleus
GABA: Nucleus Accumbens
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16
Q

Diseases associated with NTs: NE, DA, 5-HT, ACh, GABA

A

NE: increased in anxiety, decreased in depression
DA: increased in schizo, decreased in depression/park
5-HT: decreased in anxiety and depression
ACh: increased in park, decreased in alz, huntingtons
GABA: decreased in anxiety, huntingtons, convulsions

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17
Q

DA pathway: Mesocortical

A

Path: ventral tegemental of midbrain to cortex

If blocked: increases negative symptoms of psychosis (social withdrawal/depression

18
Q

DA pathway: Mesolimbic

A

Path: ventral tegmental of midbrain to limbic system

If blocked: relief of psychosis (target of anti-schiz)

19
Q

DA pathway: Nigrostriatal

A

Path: Sub Nigra (compacta) to striatum (caudate/putamen)
If blocked: Parkinson-esque symptoms.
If stimulated: increased EPS (due to upregulation of receptors)

20
Q

DA pathway: Tuberoinfundibular

A

Path: arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus to pituitary

If blocked: Increase prolaction release from pit (hypogonadism/amennorhea)

21
Q 
What is the function of the different areas of the hypothalamus: 
Supraoptic Nucleus
Lateral n.
Vertromedial n.
Anterior n.
Posterior n. 
Suprachiasmatic n.
 Arcuate n.
Dorsomedial n.
A

Supraoptic Nucleus: makes ADH and oxtocin (released in post pit)
Lateral n.: makes you hungry (blocked by leptin, destroyed in anorexia)
Vertromedial n.: makes you full (stim by leptin, destroyed in hyperphagia/craniopharyngioma)
Anterior n.: releases GnRH, PSN control (makes you cool, vasodilated, lower BP)
Posterior n. : SNS (makes you warm)
Suprachiasmatic n.: Circadian rhythm/master clock.
Arcuate n.: makes hormones to stimulate ant. pituitary
Dorsomedial n.: Stimulates GI resulting in savage behavior and obesity

22
Q

What is the pathway of Melatonin release?

A

Darkness –> Retina –> Suprachiasmatic Nuclei –> releases NE –> Stimulates pineal gland to release melatonin. (makes you sleepy and also blocks FSH/LH to decrease libido)

23
Q

Zolpidem, Zaleplon

A

non-benzo drug that binds to benzo GABAa Receptor to stimulate GABA release. Can be used to tx insomnia, but only for short periods.

Sdx: rebound insomnia afterwards

24
Q

Eszopiclone

A

GABA agonist can be used to tx insomnia. Has been approved for long term usage

25
Q

Ramelteon

A

Non addictive tx for insomnia. Melatonin agonist

Cx: dont use in hepatic insufficiency

26
Q

What are the stages of sleep and their corresponding EEG waveforms?

A

Awake: Beta waves (hi freq, low amp) / Alpha waves (eyes closed)
N1: Theta waves
N2: Sleep spindles and K complexes
N3/4: Delta waves (low freq, hi amp) - deepest non-REM
REM: Beta waves

27
Q

Characteristics of the different stages of sleep?

A

Awake: Beta waves (hi freq, low amp) / Alpha waves (eyes closed)
N1: Light sleep
N2: bruxism (teeth grinding) - where old ppl spend their time
N3/4: sleep walking, enuresis, night terrors (no memory)
REM: dreams, erections, high O2 use, memories, PPRF mediated extraocular movements. (duration of REM increases as the night goes on, and REM is achieved faster in the cycles)

28
Q

What two NTs mediate the initiation of sleep and REM sleep? What NT decreases REM sleep?

A

5-HT initiates sleep, ACh is involved in REM sleep, and NE decreases REM sleep

29
Q

What are the sleep patterns in a depressed pt?

A

decreased REM latency (acheived faster), more total REM sleep, REM earlier in the cycle, lots of nighttime awakenings, early morning awakenings

30
Q

Modafinil

A

Narcolepsy medication

31
Q

Sleep Terrors vs nightmares

A

sleep terrors = non-REM sleep bad dreams. Wake up and have no idea why they are scared. Can be treated with benzos.

Nightmares occur in REM sleep when you can remember your dreams

32
Q

What are the three components of the brachial apparatus and what tissues do they stem from?

A 
Clefts = ectoderm
Arches = mesoderm
Pouches = endoderm
33
Q

What are the brachial clefts and what do they form?

A

1st: external auditory meatus
2nd-4th: form a temporary cervical sinus, but are obliterated when the 2nd arch mesenchyme proliferates (if the cervical sinus persists, it becomes a cervical cyst on the lateral neck - nonmovable when swallowing.)

34
Q

What are the brachial pouches and what do they form?

A

1st: middle ear cavity, eustachian tube
2nd: palatine tonsil
3rd: Inferior parathyroid + thymus
4th: superior parathyroid

35
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

c22q11 deletion leads to aberrant development of 3rd and 4th pouches = mature T cell def. and hypocalcemia

36
Q

What cranial nerve nuclei live in the medulla, pons, midbrain?

A

medulla: 9,10,11,12
pons: 5,6,7,8
midbrain: 3,4

37
Q

Cranial nerve reflexes: Blink, lacrimation, jaw jerk, pupillary, gag

A

blink: V1 –> VII
lacrimation: V1 –> VII
jaw jerk: V3 –> V3
pupillary: II –> III
gag: IX –> X

38
Q

What are the vagal nuclei and what are their functions?

A

Nucleus solitarius: taste, baroR (BP control), gut distention
Nucleus Ambiguus: pharynx, larynx, upper exophagus
Dorsal Motor Nucleius: PNS control over heart, lungs, upper GI

39
Q

What muscles are involved in closing of the jaw? opening?

A

closing: massater, medial pterygoid, temporalis
opening: lateral pterygoid

40
Q

What are the branchial arch derivatives?

A

1st: Meckels cartilage, mandible, malleus, mandibular ligament, mastication muscles, ant. 2/3 of tongue, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, CN V2/3 (chew)
2nd: Stapes, styloid, stylohyoid, stapedius, CN VII (smile)
3rd: Stylopharyngeus, CN IX (swallow)
4th-6th: cartilages, CNX (swallow, speak)

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