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From Flashcardlet > Pharm > Flashcards

Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

What anticholinergic drugs are used to treat yrge type urinary incontinence?

A

Oxybutynin, Tolterodine

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2
Q

What pt would atropine be contraindicated in?

A

BPH, Hyperthermic, Glaucoma, GI obstruction

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3
Q

Common side effect between first generation H1 blockers, neuroleptics, tricyclic antidepressants, and amantadine?

A

All have anticholinergic side effects

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4
Q

How would myasthenia gravis present? What is the cause?

A

a pt. with ptosis/diplopia (eye weakness) that worsens throughout the day.

This is due to Abs blocking the muscarinic ACh R’s

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5
Q

What Receptors utilize the Gq protein class?

A

“qute c’s HAVe 1 M&M: H1, a1, V1, M1, M3

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6
Q

What Receptors utilize the Gi protein class?

A

“MAD 2’s”: M2, a2, D2

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7
Q

What is the path of Gq stimulation?

A

activated PLC –> increased IP3 and DAG –> increased PKC and intracellular Ca+ (which will bind calmodulin)

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8
Q

What is the path of Gs stimulation?

A

Activated adenylate cyclase –> increased cAMP –> increased PKA

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9
Q

Outline the path of ACh synthesis and release

A

Choline brought into nerve terminal –> combined with Acetyl CoA –> made into ACh –> released through vesicle into cleft

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10
Q

Which stages of ACh synthesis and release do Hemicholinium, Vesamicol, and Botulinum inhibit?

A

Hemicholinium: blocks Na involved Choline induction
Vesamicol: blocks ACh entering vesicles
Botulinum: blocks release of ACh into cleft

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11
Q

What is the path of NE synthesis and release?

A

Phenylalanine made into Tyrosine –> brought into nerve terminal –> made into Dopa –> DA –> NE –> into vesicles and out for transport

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12
Q

What do Phenylalanine Hydroxylase, Tyrosine Hydroxylase, and Dopamine Carboxylase do in NE synthesis process? Vit B6, Vit C?

A

P.Hydro: Phe –> Tyr
T. Hydro: Tyr –> DOPA
D. Carbo: Dopa –> DA (w/ B6)
Vit C: DA –> NE

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13
Q

What stages of NE synthesis and release do Metyrosine, Reserpine, Guanethidine, Bretylium, and Amphetymines, Ephedrine, and Tyramine work on?

A

Metyrosine: blocks incorporation of tyrosine into dendrite
Reserpine: Blocks DA –> NE loading into vesicles
Guanethidine/Bretylium: blocks vesicle release
Amph/Ephedrine/Tyramine: stimulates vesicle release

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14
Q

What do cocaine/TCAs/amphetamines do to NE reuptake?

A

They block NE reuptake on presynaptic ganglion

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15
Q

What role do M2, ATII, and a2 Receptors have on presynaptic NE terminals?

A

M2 and a2 inhibit NE release

AT II stimulate NE release

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16
Q

What enzymes break down NE, and what is the byproduct that is made?

A

MAO and COMT break down NE by oxidation and methylation respectively. They make VMA’s that get excreted in the urine

17
Q

What is empty sella syndrome? what are the condequences?

A

When there is atrophy/degeneration of the pituitary gland. Assymptomatic b/c there is usually enough residual hormone coming from surrounding pit tissue

18
Q

What is Sheehan Syndrome?

A

Post pregnancy ischemic infarct of pituitary glands. Loss of blood can kill this vascular organ

Clx: postpartum bleeding (maybe she needed a transfusion) and now the mom cant lactate, or hasnt regained her period etc (pit issues)

19
Q

Octreotide

A

A somatostatin analogue used to treat acromegaly, ZE syndrome, carcinoid syndrome etc.

20
Q

What tissues are the post pit and the ant pit derived from?

A

post pit: neuroectoderm

ant pit: oral ectoderm (Rathke’s pouch)

21
Q

What do the basophils in the ant pit secrete?

A

FSH/LH, ACTH, TSH

Acidophils: GH, Prolactin

22
Q

Most common pituitary adenoma? Symptoms? Tx?

A

Prolactinoma

Lactation, no ovulation in females, bad eye sight, low libido in men

Tx: Bromocriptine (Dopamine agonist)

23
Q

What endocrine hormones use cAMP signaling paths?

A

FLAT CHAMPS: FSH/LH, ACTH, TSH, CRH, hCG, ADH (v2), MSH, PTH

24
Q

What endocrine hormones use cGMP signaling paths?

A

ANP, NO

25
Q

What endocrine hormones use IP3 signaling paths?

A

GGOAT: GnRH, GHRH, Oxytocin, ADH (v1) TRH

26
Q

What endocrine hormones use Tyrosine Kinase signaling paths?

A

Insulin, IGF1, FGF, PDGF, EGF

27
Q

What are the effects of low SHBG in women?

A

low SHBG will increase the free (active) form of testosterone and lead to hirsutism (tx with sporonolactone)

high SHBG in men will lead to lower free testosterone and gynecomastia

28
Q

What labs will diagnose acromegaly?

A

High serum IGF-1 and failure to suppress serum GH after oral glucose tolerance

From Flashcardlet (32 decks)

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