what is ATP made of?
- 1 adenine (nitrogen containing base)
- ribose (5 carbon sugar)
- 3 phosphate groups in a chain
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what does ADP and AMP stand for?
- adenosine 5’ diphosphate
- adenosine 5’ monophosphate
(guess the difference lmaoo)
how is ATP a large source of energy?
- ℗ - ℗ - ℗
- 1st chain = little energy
- 2nd chain = some energy
- 3rd chain = a lot of energy
- phosphate chain is easily broken down to release energy
why is the last phosphate usually the first one to be removed?
bonds between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups are unstable so have low activation energy
where is ATP formed?
in the mitochondria
how is ATP broken down?
- ATP hydrolase breaks down ATP into ADP and Pi in a hydrolysis reaction
- ATP + H₂O -> ADP + Pi + energy
how is ATP formed?
enzyme ATP synthase makes ATP from ADP and Pi in a condensation reaction
what are some uses of energy from ATP? [6]
- movement
- secretion of molecules
- metabolic processes
- active transport
- polymerisation reactions eg. starch
- molecule activation
how is energy from ATP used for movement?
ATP provides energy for muscle contraction
how is energy from ATP used for metabolic processes?
ATP provides energy to build big molecules
how is energy from ATP used in active transport?
to move particles against a concentration gradient
how is energy from ATP used for molecule activation?
phosphorylate compounds lower activation energy for enzyme controlled reactions
why is ATP so useful in biological processes? [5]
- releases energy in smaller, more manageable amounts
- energy is released quickly as there is one step with only one enzyme, ATPase
- released inorganic phosphate can also be used
> can be added to another compound which makes it more reactive and thus lowers its activation energy - releases energy instantaneously
- cannot leave cells so cannot be lost
what are the 3 ways in which ATP synthesis can occur?
- during respiration - oxidative phosphorylation
- during photosynthesis - photophosphorylation
- directly through phosphate group transfer in cells - substrate level phosphorylation, which occurs in the cytoplasm
why does a lot of ATP need to be synthesised?
ATP:
- cannot be stored
- is an immediate store of energy
- only releases a small amount of energy in cells
- contains just enough energy to power one other metabolic reaction in the cell
what does it mean that ATP is a universal energy carrier?
it is the form of chemical energy which is found in all living cells
how is energy stored during a condensation reaction?
- energy in so catabolic
- exergonic reaction, which means energy released is stored in the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate molecule
