2.3 From DNA To Proteins

Question 1

DNA structure

Answer 1

Describes looking like a twisted ladder

Question 2

Nucleotide

Answer 2

Two strands of smaller molecules
- composed of a sugar molecule, a phosphate molecule, and a nitrogenous base molecule

Question 3

Sides of DNA ladder

Answer 3

-made of the sugar and phosphate molecules joints to each other

Question 4

Rungs of ladder

Answer 4

Made of pears of nitrogenous bases, one from each of the strands

Question 5

Nitrogenous bases

Answer 5

-each nucleotide has one of the four nitrogenous bases:
-adenine
-Thymine
-cytosine
-guanine
-pairs of these ladders for each wrong of the DNA ladder

Question 6

Base pair combinations

Answer 6

A&t
C&g

Question 7

DNA molecules

Answer 7

• made of two strands of nucleotides joined by the sugar and phosphate molecules and their nitrogenous bases
• link to bases are called base pairs. A single chromosome has millions of base pairs

Question 8

DNA replication

Answer 8

Each DNA module splits in many places between the pairs of bases, like a broken zipper
- adenine pears with thymine and cytosine with guanine, the two new DNA molecules are always identical with one new strand, and one old strand

Question 9

Genetic code characters

Answer 9

Characters: A,T,G,C
-these bases combine to form three letter words that are three bases long.ex. GGC, TAC
-each three letter word codes for the production of one of 20 different amino acids

Question 10

Amino acids

Answer 10

-small molecules that are the building blocks of proteins
-different combinations of amino acids for different proteins
-proteins, determine the characteristics of organisms
-All three letter words in the cell DNA form the instructions for all the body cells to flow and is the genetic code of all living organisms
-these instructions are known as the “language of life”

Question 11

Genes

Answer 11

Short section of DNA that contains instructions to make a specific protein; instructions are determined by the order of bases

Question 12

Genome

Answer 12

All of an organism’s genes (entire DNA)
-human genome is contained in the 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body

Question 13

RNA

Answer 13

Ribonucleic acid
-very similar structure to DNA however, DNA has a double strand whereas RNA only has one strand
-

Question 14

Genes to protein

Answer 14

-DNA segment that makes up a gene is used to make another molecule called RNA
-A segment of DNA separates and an RNA molecule is constructed from 1/2 of the DNA
-the RNA molecule, then carries the code from the machine out of the nucleus to a ribosome in the cytoplasm
-the ribosome reads the instructions on the RNA samples, the appropriate amino acids in the correct order to make the protein

Question 15

Protein functions

Answer 15

-there are an enormous number of different types of proteins in the body
-enzymes are special proteins that control specific chemical reactions
-some hormones are made of proteins and act as messengers between cells
-amino acids that make up proteins are either manufactured by your body or are obtained from the food you eat
Ex. Hemoglobin, insulin, keratin, collagen, enzymes, antibodies, fibrinogen, lactase, growth hormone, prolactin, follicle stimulating hormone

Question 16

Genes and variation

Answer 16

The number and types of genes differ among species
-Human share 98% of chimpanzee, DNA and 35% of daffodil DNA
-DNA that is unique to humans accounts for all the characteristics that are unique to humans
-all members of the same species have the same number and types of genes