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PNS Flashcards

0
Q

The brachial plexus contains which nerves?

A

brachial plexus (C5 -T1)

  • Musculocutaneous nerve
  • Axillary nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Radial nerve
  • Ulnar nerve
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1
Q

Name the nerves in the cervical plexus.

A

The cervical plexus (C1 - C5) consists of

  • Lesser occipital nerve
  • Ansa cervicalis
  • Transverse cervical nerve
  • Supraclavicular nerve
  • Phrenic nerve
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2
Q

What nerves make up the Lumber plexus?

A

Lumber plexus (L1 - L4)

  • Illiohypogastric nerve. - obtutator nerve
  • illioinguinal nerve
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
  • Femoral nerve
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3
Q

What nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A

Sacral plexus (L4 - S4)

  • Superior gluteal nerve. - nerve to quadratus femoris
  • Inferior gluteal nerve. - nerve to obturator internus and inf. gamellus
  • nerve to piriformis. - Perforating cutaneous
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4
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in adults?

A

L2

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5
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in newborns?

A

L4

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6
Q

At what age does the spinal cord stop growing?

A

5 years of age.

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7
Q

What is the Conus medullaris?

A

Cone shaped end of the spinal cord

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8
Q

What is the Filum terminale?

A

Thread like extension of the pia mater which stabilises the spinal cord in the canal.

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9
Q

What does the cauda equina contain?

A

The dorsal and ventral roots of the lowest spinal nerves.

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10
Q

What is a spinal segment!

A

The area of cord from which each pair of spinal nerves arises.

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11
Q

What are the reasons a spinal tap is performed?

A
  • Sampling CSF
  • Injection of antibiotics, anaesthetics or chemotherapy
  • Measurement of CSF pressure
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12
Q

Where is it safe to perform a spinal tap?

A

Touey needle into the subarachnoid space between L3 - L5

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13
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • Spinal cord reflexes
  • Integration (summation of inhibitory and excitatory nerve impulses)
  • highway for upward and downward travel of sensory and motor information
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14
Q

What protects the spinal column?

A
  • Vertebral column
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Vertebral ligaments
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15
Q

What structures cover the spinal cord?

A
  • vertebrae. - Pia Mater
  • Epidural space (fat filled)
  • Dura mater
  • Sub dural space (interstitial fluid filled)
  • Arachnoid ( web of collagen fibres)
  • Subarachnoid (CSF filled)
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16
Q

Where is the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

The central H-shape

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17
Q

What does the grey matter in the spinal cord contain?

A
  • Neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and dendrites
  • paired dorsal and ventral grey horns
  • Lateral horns only in thoracic spinal cord
  • gray commissure crosses midline
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18
Q

Which ventrical is the central spinal canal continuous with?

A

4th ventricle

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19
Q

What does the grey matter in the spinal canal do?

A

It is the integration site

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20
Q

What forms ascending and descending tracts in the spinal column

A
  • Anterior, posterior and lateral white columns
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21
Q

Which is deeper the Anterior Median fissure or the Posterior median sulcus?

A

The Anterior median fissure

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22
Q

What does the dorsal root ganglion contain?

A

The cell bodies of sensory nerves.

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23
Q

What does the Ventral root ganglion contain?

A

Outgoing motor fibres.

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24
Q

Which are the motor tracts within the spinal cord?

A
  • Pyramidal tract

- extrapyramidal tract

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25
Q

Which are the sensory tracts within the spinal cord?

A
  • Spinothalamic tract
  • Posterior column
  • Spinocerebellar tract
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26
Q

What are the main functions of the posterior columns of the spinal cord?

A
  • Proprioception
  • Discriminative touch
  • Two point discrimination
  • Pressure and vibration
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27
Q

What are the functions of the spinothalamic tract?

A
  • Pain
  • Temperature
  • Deep pressure
  • crude touch
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28
Q

What are the functions of the direct pathways (Corticospinal and Corticobulbar) in the spinal column?

A
  • precise voluntary movements
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29
Q

What is the function of the indirect pathways (Rubrospinal and Vestibulospinal) in the spinal column?

A
  • programming automatic movements
  • posture and muscle tone
  • Equilibrium and coordination of visual reflexes.
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30
Q

What does the Endoneurium do?

A

It is connective tissue which wrap around individual nerve fibres

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31
Q

What does the perineurium do ?

A

It is connective tissue which wraps around groups of nerve fibres forming a fascicle

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32
Q

What does the Epinineurium do?

A

It is connective tissue which covers entire nerves and the dura mater blends into it at the intervertebral foramen.

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33
Q

What do the dorsal rami supply?

A

Skin and muscles of the back

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34
Q

What are spinal nerves formed from?

A

Dorsal and Ventral roots

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35
Q

What do spinal nerves branch into?

A

Dorsal and Ventral rami

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36
Q

What does the ventral rami supply?

A

It forms plexuses which supply the anterior trunk and limbs

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37
Q

what do the meningeal branches of the spinal nerves supply?

A
  • Meninges
  • Vertebrae
  • blood vessels
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38
Q

What forms a nerve plexus

A

It is the joining of the Ventral Rami of spinal nerves to form plexuses

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39
Q

Where are nerve plexuses found?

A
  • Neck
  • Arm
  • Low back
  • Sacral
    NO plexus in thoracic region of the peripheral nervous system
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40
Q

What spinal nerves innervate the abdominal wall?

A

T7 - T12

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41
Q

What forms the cervical plexus?

A

Ventral Rami of spinal nerves (C1 to C5)

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42
Q

What structures does the cervical plexus supply?

A

Parts of the head, neck and shoulders

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43
Q

What does the Phrenic nerve (C3 - C5) do?

A

Supplies the diaphragm

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44
Q

Damage to the spinal cord above which levels cause respiratory arrest?

A

C3

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45
Q

What nerves form the superficial (Sensory) branches of the cervical plexus (cervical plexus 1)?

A
  • Lesser occiptal
  • Greater Auricular
  • Transverse cervical
  • Supraclavicular
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46
Q

What is the origin of the lesser occipital nerve and what does it supply?

A

Skin of scalp, posterior and superior ear.

47
Q

What is the origin od the Greater Auricular nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • C2-C3

- Skin anterior, inferior and over the ear.

48
Q

What is the root of the Transverse cervical nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • C2-C3

- Skin over anterior aspect of neck

49
Q

What is the root of the Supraclavicular nerve and what does it supply?

A
  • C4-C4

- Skin over the superior portion of the chest and shoulder.

50
Q

What nerves make up the deep (mainly motor branches) of the cervical plexus (cervical plexus 2)?

A
  • Ansa cervicalis (superior and inferior root)
  • Phrenic nerve
  • Segmental branches
51
Q

What does the superior root of the Ansa Cervicalis nerve supply and where is its origin?

A
  • Infrahyoid and geniohyoid muscles of the neck

- the origin is at C1

52
Q

What does the inferior root of the Ansa Cervicalis nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • infrahyoid muscle of the neck

- C2-C3

53
Q

What does the Phrenic nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • The diaphragm

- C3-C5

54
Q

What do the segmental branches in the cervical plexus supply and what are their origin?

A
  • Deep muscles of neck
  • Levator Scapulae
  • Middle Scalene
  • C1-C5
55
Q

The brachial plexus is made up of Rami from which spinal nerves?

A
  • C5 to T1
56
Q

What muscles does the axillary nerve supply?

A
  • Deltoid

- Teres

57
Q

Which muscles does the Musculocutaneous nerve supply?

A

The elbow flexors

58
Q

Which muscles does the Radial nerve supply?

A

The shoulder and elbow extensors

59
Q

What muscles do the median and ulnar nerve supply?

A

The flexors of the wrist and hand

60
Q

What muscles does the Dorsal Scapular nerve supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • Levator Scapulae
  • Rhomboid Major and Minor
  • The origin is C5
61
Q

What muscle does the Long Thoracic nerve supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • Serratus Anterior

- The origin is C5-C7

62
Q

In the brachial plexus what muscle does the nerve to the sublavious supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Supraclavius muscle

- the origin is C5 - C6

63
Q

What muscle does the suprascapular nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • The origin is C5 - C6
64
Q

What muscles does the Musculocutaneous nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Coroacobrachialis
  • Biceps brachii
  • Brachialis
  • the origin is C5-C7
65
Q

What muscle does the Lateral Pectoral nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Pectoralis Major

- The origin is C5 - C7

66
Q

What muscle does the Upper subscapular muscle supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Subscapularis muscle

- the origin is C5 - C6

67
Q

What muscle does the Thoracodorsal nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Lattisimus dorsi

- C6-C8

68
Q

What does the Lower subscapular nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Subscapularis and Teres major muscles

- The origin is C5-C6

69
Q

What does the Axillary nerve supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • Deltoid and Teres minor muscles
  • skin over deltoid and superior posterior aspect of arm
  • The origin is C5-C6
70
Q

What does the median nerve supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • Flexors of forearm eg flexor carpi ulnaris and some muscles of hand.
  • the origin is C5-T1
71
Q

What does the dorsal scapulae nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor.

- C5

72
Q

What does the Radial nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • triceps brachii and other extensors of the arm and forearm
  • skin of posterior arm and forearm
  • lateral 2/3 of dorsum of hand, fingers of proximal and middle phalanges
73
Q

What does the Medial pectotal nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Pectoralis major and minor muscles

- C8 to T1

74
Q

What does the Medial cutaneous nerve of arm supply and what is its origin?

A
  • skin of medial and posterior distal 1/3 of arm

- C8-T1

75
Q

What does The Medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • Skin of medial and posterior forearm

- C8-T1

76
Q

What does the Ulnar nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Flexor carpi ulnaris
  • Flexor digitorum profundus
  • muscles of hand
  • skin of medial hand, little finger and medial 1/2 of ring finger.
  • C8-T1
77
Q

What causes Erb-Duchene palsy and what are the symptoms?

A
  • Caused by a fall on the shoulder

- waiters tip position

78
Q

What cause wrist drop?

A
  • Radial nerve injury
  • improper deltoid injection
  • tight cast
79
Q

What are the symptoms of a median nerve injury?

A
  • Numb palm & fingers

- Inability to pronate and flex fingers

80
Q

What are the symptoms of an Ulnar nerve injury?

A
  • Claw hand
  • Inability to adduct/abduct fingers
  • atrophy of interosseus
81
Q

What are the symptoms of a long thoracic nerve injury?

A
  • Winged scapula
  • Paralysis of serattus anterior
  • can’t abduct above horizontal
82
Q

The lumber plexus is made up of what rami?

A

Ventral rami of L1 to L4

83
Q

What does the lumber plexus supply?

A
  • abdominal wall
  • external genitals
  • anterior/medial thigh
84
Q

What are the symptoms of and injury to the femoral nerve?

A
  • inability to extend leg

- loss of sensation in thigh

85
Q

What are the symptoms of an injury to the obturator nerve?

A
  • Paralysis of thigh adductors
86
Q

What does the Iliohypogastric nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Anterolateral abdominal wall muscle
  • skin of inferior abdomen and buttock
  • L1
87
Q

What does the Ilioinguinal nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Anterolateral abdominal wall muscle
  • skin of thigh
  • genitals
  • L1
88
Q

What does the Genitofemoral nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Cremaster muscle and genitals

- L1-L2

89
Q

What does the Lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Skin of lateral, posterior and medial thigh, medial side of leg and foot
  • L2-L3
90
Q

What does the femoral nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Flexor muscles of thigh
  • Extensor muscles of leg
  • skin of anterior and medial thigh and medial side of leg and foot
  • L2-L4
91
Q

What does the obturator muscle supply and what is its origin?

A
  • adductor muscles of leg
  • skin of medial thigh
  • L2-L4
92
Q

What rami make up the sacral plexus?

A

The ventral rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4

93
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A
  • Buttocks
  • Perineum
  • Parts of lower limb
94
Q

What does the sciatic nerve supply?

A

L4 to S3 supplies post thigh and all below the knee.

95
Q

What causes foot drop?

A

An injury to the peroneal nerve

96
Q

What are the symptoms of an injury to the peroneal nerve?

A

Foot drop or numbness

97
Q

What causes calcaneovalgus?

A

An injury to the tibial nerve.

98
Q

What are the symptoms of an injury to the tibial nerve?

A

Calcaneovalgus ( loss of function on anterior leg and dorsum of foot )

99
Q

What are the origins of the Sciatic nerve?

A

L4-S3

100
Q

What does the superior gluteal nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Gluteus maximus
  • Gluteus medius
  • tensor fasciae
  • L4-L5, S1
101
Q

What does the inferior gluteal nerve supply and what is its origin?

A
  • Gluteus maximus muscle

- L5-S2

102
Q

What nerve supplies the piriformis muscle?

A

The nerve to the piriformis originates in S1-S2

103
Q

The nerve to quatratus femoris supplies which muscles and what is its origin?

A
  • Quatratus femoris
  • inferior gamellus
  • L4-L5, S1
104
Q

Where does the nerve to obturator internus and superior gamellus originate?

A

L5-S2

105
Q

What does the perforating cutaneous muscle supply and what is it’s origin?

A
  • skin over inferior medial aspect of buttock

- S2-S3

106
Q

Name the branches of the sciatic nerve?

A
  • common Peroneal nerve

- Tibial nerve

107
Q

Where is sciatica pain felt and what is it a sign of?

A
  • from buttock, down leg to foot

- may be a sign of a herniated disk

108
Q

What is a dermatome?

A
  • Area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve

- Overlap prevents loss of sesnsation if one damaged

109
Q

How many spinal nerves need to be blocked for sensory anesesia?

A

3 spinal nerves

110
Q

What nerves supplies the skin on the face?

A

Cranial nerve V - trigeminal

111
Q

How can damaged regions of the spinal cord be distinguished?

A

by patterns of numbness over a dermatome region

112
Q

What symptoms does a spinal cord transection cause?

A

Loss of sensation and motor control below the injury.

113
Q

What holds the pia mater in place?

A

Denticulate ligaments

114
Q

What muscles does the Axillary nerve supply ?

A

Deltoid and Teres muscles

Anatomy (17 decks)

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