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Anatomy > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

0
Q

The peripheral nervous system is made up of which branches?

A
  • The Somatic Nervous system
  • The Autonomic nervous system
  • The Enteric nervous system
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1
Q

What is the central nervous system made up of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

What does the Autonomic nervous system control?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Cardiac Muscle
  • Glands
  • Adipose tissue
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4
Q

What does the Enteric nervous system control?

A

Smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cells of the GI tract.

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5
Q

What nerves is the peripheral nervous system made up of ?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves that contain both motor and sensory fibres

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6
Q

What is the function of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Connects the CNS to muscles, glands and all sensory receptors.

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7
Q

What neurons is the Somatic (voluntary) nervous system made up of?

A
  • Neurons from cutaneous and special sensory receptors to the CNS
  • Motor neurons to skeletal muscle tissue
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8
Q

What neurons is the Autonomic nervous system comprised of ?

A
  • Sensory neurons from visceral organs to CNS

* Motor neurons to smooth and cardiac muscle and glands.

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9
Q

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the heart?

A

Speed up heart rate

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10
Q

What effect does the parasympathetic nervous system have on heart?

A

Slows down heart rate

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11
Q

What function does the Enteric nervous system have?

A
  • Involuntary sensory and motor neurons control the GI tract

* neurons function independently of the ANS and the CNS

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12
Q

What is a neuron?

A

• functional unit of the nervous system • capacity to produce an action potential

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13
Q

What structures can be found in a neuronal cell body?

A
  • Single nucleus
  • prominent nucleolus
  • Nissl bodies
  • Rough ER and Ribosomes
  • Neurofilaments (shape and support)
  • Microtubules (move material inside cell)
  • Lipofuscin pigment clumps
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14
Q

What cell processes do neurons have ?

A

Dendrites and Axons

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15
Q

What is the function of Dendrites?

A

Conduct impulses towards the cell body

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of dendrites?

A
  • Short
  • Highly branched
  • Unmyelinated
  • Surfaces are specialized for contact with other neurons
  • contains neurofibrils and Nissl bodies
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17
Q

What function do axons perform?

A

They conduct impulses away from the cell body

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of axons?

A
  • Long, thin cylindrical processes
  • collaterals end in fine processes called axon terminals
  • synaptic end bulbs contain vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
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19
Q

Where does and axon arise from?

A

The axon hillock

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20
Q

Where do impulses arise from in an axon?

A

The initial segment (trigger zone)

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21
Q

Sensory neurons are also called what?

A

Afferent neurons

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22
Q

Motor neurons are also called what ?

A

Efferent neurons

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23
Q

Interneurons are also called what?

A

Association neurons

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24
Q

What is the function of sensory neurons?

A

Transport information from skin, muscles, joints, sense organs and viscera to the CNS

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25
Q

What is the function of motor neurons ?

A

Send motor information to muscles and glands

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26
Q

What is the function of interneurons?

A

Connect sensory to motor neurons

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27
Q

What percentage of neurons do interneurons comprise ?

A

90%

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28
Q

How are neurons classified ?

A

• based on the number of nerve processes on the cell body

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of mulitipolar neurons?

A
  • Several dentrites and one axon

* most common neuronal cell type

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of bipolar neurons?

A
  • One main dendrite and one axon

* Found in the retina, inner ear and olfactory

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of unipolar neurons?

A
  • One process only
  • Develops from a bipolar neuron
  • Always sensory neurons
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32
Q

How many types of interneurons are there?

A

2

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33
Q

Name the two types of interneuron cells.

A
  • Purkinje cells

* Pyramidal cells

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34
Q

Name the 6 types of neuroglial cells.

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
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35
Q

What are the four types of Neuroglial cells found in the CNS.

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • microglia
  • Ependymal
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36
Q

What are the two types of Neuroglial cells found in the PNS ?

A
  • Schwann cells

* Satellite cells

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37
Q

What are the characteristics of Neuroglial cells?

A
  • Smaller than neurons
  • 50 x more numerous
  • can divide - rapid mitosis in tumour formation (gliomas)
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38
Q

What cells make up half of the volume of the CNS.

A

Neuroglia

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39
Q

What cells are Gliomas formed from?

A

Neuroglia

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40
Q

What is the most common glial cell type ?

A

oligodendrocyctes

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41
Q

What are microglia?

A

Small cells found near blood vessels in the CNS

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42
Q

What is the function of Microglia?

A

• phagocytic

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43
Q

Microglia are cells which are formed from cells which also gave rise to which two cells types?

A

Macrophages and monocytes

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44
Q

What are Satellite cells?

A

Flat cells surrounding neuronal cell bodies in peripheral ganglia

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45
Q

What is the function of Satellite cells?

A

Support neurons in the PNS ganglia

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46
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

They encircle PNS axons and produces part of the myelin sheath surrounding an axon in the PNS

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47
Q

Where is grey and white matter found in the spinal cord?

A

The grey matter is found in the central H shaped inner core and is surrounded by white matter

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48
Q

Where is grey matter found in the brain?

A
  • thin outer layer covering surface of brain

* clusters called nuclei inside the CNS

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49
Q

Name the different types of neuronal circuit.

A
  • Diverging
  • Converging
  • Reverberating
  • Parallel-after-discharge
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50
Q

How does a diverging neuronal circuit behave?

A

A single cell stimulates many others

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51
Q

How does a converging neuronal circuit behave!

A

One cell is stimulated by many others

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52
Q

How does a reverberating neuronal circuit behave?

A

Impulses from later cells repeatedly stimulate early cells in the circuit (short term memory)

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53
Q

How do parallel-after-discharge circuits behave?

A

Single cell stimulates a group of cells that all stimulate a common post-synaptic cell (maths problems)

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54
Q

What are the functions of Dendrites?

A
  • receive stimuli through activation of chemically or mechanically gated ion channels
  • In Sensory neurons produce generator or receptor potentials
  • In Motor neurons and association neurons produces excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials
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55
Q

What is the function of the neuronal cell body?

A
  • Receive stimuli

* Produces EPSPs and IPSPs through activation of chemically or mechanically gated ion channels

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56
Q

What is the function of the junction of the axon hillock and the initial segment of the axon

A
  • Trigger zone

* Integrates EPSPs and IPSPs and if sum is depolarisation the reaches threshold initiates an action potential

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57
Q

What is the function of the axon?

A

Propogates nerve impulses from initial segment (or from dendrites in sensory neurons) to axon terminals

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58
Q

Does the amplitude of an action potential change as it propagates along an axon ?

A

No

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59
Q

What happens at axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs?

A

Inflow of Ca2+ caused by depolarising phase of nerve impulse cause neurotransmitter release by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

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60
Q

What types of ion channels are found in neuronal cell dendrites and the cell body?

A

Chemically gated ion channels

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61
Q

What types of ion channels are found in the axon hillock and the axon?

A

Voltage gated Na+ and K+ ion channels

62
Q

What types of ion channels are found in axon terminals and synaptic end bulbs?

A

Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

63
Q

How heavy is an adult brain?

A

1.5 Kg

64
Q

What four structures make up the Diencephalon?

A
  • Thalamus
  • Hypothalamus
  • Epithalamus
  • Pineal gland
65
Q

What 3 structure make up the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla Oblongata
66
Q

Name the four principal parts of the brain.

A
  • Cerebrum
  • Diencephalon
  • Cerebellum
  • Brainstem
67
Q

What protects the brain?

A
  • Bone
  • Meninges
  • CSF
68
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers of the meninges?

A
  • Dura Mater
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Pia Mater
70
Q

Name the 3 extensions of the Dura mater.

A
  • falx cerebri
  • tentorium cerebelli
  • falx cerebelli
71
Q

what structures does the medulla contain?

A
  • Ascending sensory tracts
  • Descending motor tracts
  • Nuclei of 5 cranial nerves
  • Cardiovascular centre
  • Respiratory centre
72
Q

What does the Cardiovascular centre control?

A
  • Force and rate of heartbeat

* Diameter of blood vessels

73
Q

What does the respiratory centre control?

A

Medullary rhymicity centre sets basic rhythm of breathing

74
Q

What do the reflex centres of the medulla control?

A
  • Coughing
  • Sneezing
  • Swallowing
75
Q

What information passes through the medulla?

A

• Information in and out of the cerebellum

76
Q

What does the ventral surface bulge of the medulla contain?

A
  • Pyramids
  • Large motor tracts
  • Decussation of most fibres
77
Q

What is the function of the olivary nucleus of the medulla ?

A
  • Gives precission to body movements
  • Proprioceptive signals
  • Neurons send input to the cerebellum
78
Q

Where are the Nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus?

A

The dorsal surface of the medulla

79
Q

What do the Nucleus gracilis and the nucleus cuneatus contain?

A

Sensory Neurons which relay information to the hypothalamus on the opposite side of the brain

80
Q

Which 5 cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A 
Cranial nerves 8 - 12
• Vestibulocochlear
• Glossopharyngeal
•  Vagus
• Spinal Accessory
• Hypoglossal
81
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve (Cranial nerve 12) control?

A

• Muscles of tongue - speech and swallowing

82
Q

What happens when the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve 12) is damaged ?

A

Tongue deviated to injured side when protruded

83
Q

What does the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10) control?

A
  • Receives sensations from viscera
  • Controls cardiac muscle
  • Controls Smooth muscle of the viscera
  • Controls secretion of digestive fluids
84
Q

What does the Glossopharyngeal (cranial nerve 9) do?

A
  • Lifts throat during swallowing
  • Secretions of the parotid gland
  • Somatic sensations & taste on posterior 1/3 tongue
85
Q

The Vestibulocochlear nerve originates in two areas, what are they?

A
  • Cochlear branch in the medulla

* Vestibular branch in the pons

86
Q

What does the Cochlear branch of the Vestibulocochlear nerve control ?

A

• Receptors in the cochlear - hearing

87
Q

What are the symptoms of damage to the Cochlear branch of the Vestibulocochlear nerve ?

A

• Deafness or tinnitus

88
Q

What does the Vestibular branch of the Vestibulocochlear nerve control ?

A
  • Receptors in vestibular apparatus

* Balance

89
Q

What symptoms result from damage to the Vestibular branch of the Vestibulocochlear nerve (Cranial nerve 8) ?

A
  • Vertigo

* Ataxia

90
Q

How long is the pons?

A

2.5 cm

91
Q

What areas does the Pons contain

A
  • White fibre tracts (Ascending and Descending)
  • Pneumotaxic and Apneustic areas
  • Middle cerebellar peduncles
  • Cranial nervies 5 - 7
92
Q

What do the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic areas of the pons control ?

A

Breathing

93
Q

Where are the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic areas which control breathing found ?

A

• In the Pons

94
Q

What is the function of the middle cerebellar peduncles found in the pons?

A

• Carry sensory information to the cerebellum

95
Q

What cranial nerves originate in the Pons ?

A

Cranial nerves 5 - 7
• Trigeminal
• Abducens
• Facial

96
Q

What does the motor portion of the facial nerve control?

A
  • Facial muscles
  • Salivary, nasal and oral mucous glands
  • Tears
97
Q

What does the sensory portion of the facial nerve control ?

A

• Taste buds on anterior 2/3 of tongue

98
Q

What does the abducens nerve control ?

A

• The lateral rectus eye muscle - rotates eyeball left and right

99
Q

What does the motor portion of the trigeminal nerve control ?

A

• Muscles of mastication

100
Q

What does the sensory portion of the trigeminal nerve control ?

A

• Touch, pain and temperature receptors of the face

101
Q

Where is the midbrain found and how long is it?

A

It is 2.5 cm in length and extends from the pons to the diencephalon

102
Q

what connects the 3rd to the 4th ventricle in the midbrain?

A

• The cerebral aquaduct

103
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain contain?

A

• Clusters of motor and sensory fibres

104
Q

Where are the cerebral peduncles found ?

A

• In the midbrain

105
Q

Where is the substantia nigra found ?

A

• In the midbrain

106
Q

What is the function of the Substanta nigra ?

A

• Helps control subconcious muscle activity

107
Q

Where is the Red Nucleus found ?

A

• In the midbrain

108
Q

Why is the Red Nucleus red ?

A
  • Rich blood supply

* Iron containing pigment

109
Q

Where is the Corpora quadrigemina found ?

A

• On the dorsal surface of the midrain

110
Q

What two structure are found in the Corpora quadrigemina ?

A

• Superior and inferior colliculi

111
Q

What is the function of the Superior colliculus ?

A

• Coordinates eye movements & visual stimuli

112
Q

What is the function of the inferior colliculus ?

A

• Coordinates head movements & auditory stimuli

113
Q

What muscles does the Occulomotor nerve control ?

A 
• Levator palpebrae - raises eyelid
• 4 Extrinsic eye muscles
       - Superior and Inferior oblique
       - Superior and inferior rectus
• 2 Intrinsic eye muscles
       - Circlar muscle of iris
       - Ciliary muscle - accomodation, constriction of pupil
114
Q

what is the structure of the cerebellum ?

A
  • 2 hemisperes

* Vermis

115
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum ?

A
  • Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture

* Sense of equilibrium

116
Q

What type of matter does the cerebellar cortex and central nuclei contain ?

A

• Grey matter

117
Q

What type of matter does the Arbor Vitae contain ?

A

• White matter

118
Q

The Diencephalon surrounds which ventricle ?

A

3rd Ventricle

119
Q

What is the function of the Thalamus ?

A
  • Relay station for sensory information on way to cortex

* Crude perecption of some sensations

120
Q

Name 6 nuclei found in the Thalamus.

A
  • Medial geniculate nucleus
  • Lateral geniculate nucleus
  • Ventral anterior nucleus
  • Ventral posterior nucleus
  • Ventral lateral nucleus
  • Anterior nucleus
121
Q

What is the function of the Anterior nucleus ?

A
  • emotions
  • memory
  • aquisition of knowledge (cognition)
122
Q

What is the function of the Mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus ?

A

• Relay station for olfactory reflexes

123
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus ?

A

• Regulator of homeostasis

124
Q

Where is the Pineal gland found ?

A

• In the Epithalamus

125
Q

What is the function of the Pineal gland ?

A

• Sets the biological clock

126
Q

What does the Pineal gland secrete ?

A

• Melatonin

127
Q

What is the function of the subthalamus ?

A

• Works with basal ganglia, cerebrum and cerebellum to control body movements

128
Q

Where are the circumventricular organs found ?

A

• Walls of the 3rd and 4th ventricles

129
Q

What is the function of the circumventricular organs ?

A

• Monitor blood chemistry - no blood brain barrier

130
Q

Where is the site where HIV can enter the brain ?

A

• The circumventricular organs

131
Q

Why can HIV enter the brain at the circumventricular organs ?

A

• No blood brain barrier

132
Q

What type of matter is found in the cerebral cortex ?

A

• Grey matter overlying white matter

133
Q

How thick is the cerebral cortex ?

A

• 2 - 4 mm

134
Q

What are folds in the cerebral cortex called ?

A

• Gyri

135
Q

What are grooves in the cerebral cortex called ?

A

• Sulci or fissures

136
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure of the cerebral cortex do ?

A

• Separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres

137
Q

What is the Corpus collosum ?

A

• White matter connecting the left and right hemispheres

138
Q

Where is the Insula found ?

A

• In the Lateral fissure

139
Q

Where is cerebral white matter found ?

A
  • Association fibres between gyri in same hemisphere
  • Commissural fibres from one hemisphere to another
  • Projection fibres form ascending and descending tracts
140
Q

What is the function of the Basal ganglia ?

A

• Controls large automatic movements of the skeletal muscles

141
Q

Where does the Basal ganglia have connections to ?

A
  • Red nucleus
  • Substantia nigra
  • Subthalamus
142
Q

What structure make up the limbic system ?

A
  • Parahippocampal and cingulate gyri

* Hippocampus

143
Q

What is the function of the Limbic system ?

A

• Emotional brain : Intense pleasure and pain

144
Q

Name the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • Primary somatosensory area
  • Primary auditory area
  • Primary visual area
  • Primary gustatory area
145
Q

What is the function of the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex ?

A

• Receive sensory information from the thalamus

146
Q

What is the function of the Primary motor area ?

A

• Controls voluntary contractions of skeletal muscle on the the other side of body

147
Q

What is the motor speech area called ?

A

• Broca’s area

148
Q

What is the functions of Broca’s area ?

A
  • Production of speech

* Control of tongue and airway

149
Q

Name 6 the association areas of the cerebral cortex.

A
  • Somatosensory area
  • Visual association area
  • Auditory association area (Wernicke’s area)
  • Gnostic area
  • Premotor area
  • Frontal eye field
150
Q

What is the function of the somatosensory area?

A

• Integrate & interpret

151
Q

What is the function of the visual association area ?

A

• Recognise & evaluate

152
Q

What is the function of the Auditory association area ?

A

• Words become speech

153
Q

What is the function of the premotor area ?

A

• Learned skilled movements (such as typing)

154
Q

What is the function of the Frontal eye field?

A

• Scanning eye movements (such as phone book)

Anatomy (17 decks)

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