2S [LEC]: Semen Analysis Flashcards
1
Q
A medical field that deals with male health, specifically problems relating to the male reproductive system and urologic concerns unique to men
A
Andrology
2
Q
Structure that stored the seminal fluid
A
Seminal vesicle
3
Q
Structure that propels sperm to the prostate gland
A
Ejaculatory duct
4
Q
Structure where spermatids would mature
A
Epididymis
5
Q
Small ovoid organs that function as both exocrine and endocrine glands
A
Testes
6
Q
Cells in the testes that nourishes the germ cells during the differentiation
A
Sertoli cells
7
Q
A convoluted comma shaped structure at the posterior side of the testis
A
Epididymis
8
Q
Paired gland in the scrotum that contain seminiferous tubules for sperm secretion
A
Testes
9
Q
The major exocrine function of the testes is the production of ___
A
Sperm
10
Q
The major endocrine function of the testes is the production of ___
A
Testosterone
11
Q
Part of the epididymis that stored the sperm before it undergoes its final maturation phase
A
Head
12
Q
Part of the epididymis that where maturation occurs
A
Duct of epididymis
13
Q
Part of the epididymis that connects to the ductus deferens which eventually leads to the ejaculatory duct
A
Tail
14
Q
How many percent of the semen is produced in the seminal vesicle
A
60-70%
15
Q
Component of the semen that is metabolized to provide energy in propelling the flagella
A
Fructose
16
Q
Component of the semen that is responsible in the gray appearance of the semen
A
Flavin
17
Q
Location of the mitochondria in the sperm
A
Neck region
18
Q
Most important in the liquefaction of semen
A
Proteolytic enzymes
19
Q
How many percent of the semen is produced in the prostate gland?
A
20-30%
20
Q
The one responsible in contractions during ejaculation
A
Prostate gland
21
Q
How many percent of the semen is produced in the bulbuorethral glands?
A
5%
22
Q
The gland responsible in neutralizing acidity from prostate secretions and vagina
A
Bulbourethral gland
23
Q
Effect when the first portion of the ejaculate is lost in sperm count, pH, and liquefaction
A
Low sperm count
High pH
No liquefaction
24
Q
Effect when the last portion of the ejaculate is lost in semen volume, sperm count, pH, and liquefaction
A
Low semen volume
High sperm count
Low pH
No clotting
25
In semen collection, sexual abstinence is advised for how long?
2-7 days
26
In semen collection, how many samples must be collected and what should be the interval of collection
2-3 samples
7 days to 3 weeks apart
27
Where should the semen sample be collected?
Warm sterile glass or plastic containers
28
Specimen should be kept at room temperature and transported to the laboratory within how long?
1 hour
29
Optimal temperature of semen samples awaiting analysis
37C
30
Liquefaction time of semen
30 mins to 1 hour
31
Method of collection for semen analysis
Masturbation
32
Semen collection method that is only recommended in married couples if the first method is not applicable
Coitus interruptus
33
T/F: In coitus interruptus, low pH of the vaginal fluid may affect sperm motility
True
34
Semen analysis is also known as ___
Sperm count test
35
Analyzes the health and viability of a man's sperm
Semen analysis
36
The fluid containing sperm that's released during ejaculation
Semen
37
Three major factors of sperm health measured by semen analysis
Number of sperm
Shape of sperm
Movement of the sperm (sperm motility)
38
Normal appearance of semen
Grayish-white
39
Normal clarity of semen
Translucent
40
Normal odor of semen
Must, Bleach-like
41
A clear semen indicates ___
Low semen concentration
42
A turbid semen indicates ___
Presence of WBCs
43
Presence of blood in the semen shows what color?
Red-brown
44
Urine contamination, jaundice, and medications in semen shows what color?
Yellow
45
The presence of WBCs can also be screened by ___
Leukocyte esterase strip
46
What reagent is used to liquefy the semen if it did not liquefy for 30-60 mins?
Proteolytic enzymes (Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline [DPBS], a-chymotrypsin, bromelin)
47
T/F: Jelly-like granules in the semen or gelatinous bodies may be present in liquefied semen, which has clinical significance
False (no clinical significance)
48
Normal volume of a semen specimen
2-5 mL
49
Low volume semen specimen is frequently associated with ___
Infertility, improper functioning of seminal vesicle
50
Refers to the consistency of the semen
Viscosity
51
T/F: Viscosity of closely related to liquefaction
True
52
A clumped and highly viscous semen is indicative of ___
Incomplete liquefaction
53
Droplets longer than ___ are abnormal and present low volume of prostatic fluid
2 cm
54
Normal pH range of semen
7.2 to 8.0
55
A pH level of ___ in semen is indicative of infection within the reproductive tract
>8.0
56
A pH level of ___ indicates increased prostatic fluid, ejaculatory duct obstruction, poorly developed seminal vesicle, or contaminated specimen
<7.2
57
pH of semen should be measured within 1 hour of ejaculation due to the loss of ___ that occurs
CO2
58
Most common dilution used in semen analysis
1:20
59
Diluting fluid used in semen analysis
Sodium bicarbonate + formalin
60
T/F: Saline and distilled water may also be used as diluting fluids in semen analysis
True (as long as it is cold)
61
Unit of measure in sperm concentration
Millions per mL
62
In sperm concentration and sperm count, both sides are loaded in the hemacytometer and is settled for how long before counting?
3-5 mins
63
In sperm count, >1M WBCs/mL is an indication of ___
Inflammation/ infection = infertility
64
In sperm count, >1M spermatids/mL is an indication of ___
Disruption of spermatogenesis, viral infection, exposure to chemicals, genetic disorders
65
In sperm count, the counts should agree within ___
10% (200)
66
The common factor for computing for sperm count
1 000 000
67
Microscopes used in sperm count
Phase contrast
Dark-field
68
Unit of measure in sperm count
Million/ ejaculate
69
Reference range for sperm concentration
>20-250 M/mL
70
Reference range for sperm count
>40 M/ejaculate
71
T/F: A sperm count estimate may be done through either evaluating 10 HPOs or examining 100 sperm per slide
False (20 HPOs, 200 sperms)
72
In sperm motility, a minimum motility of ___ with a grade of ___ after 1 hour is still considered normal
50%
2.0
73
Part of the sperm that is critical for ovum penetration
Acrosomal cap
74
How much of the sperm nucleus is covered by the acrosomal cap?
2/3
75
The thickest portion of the sperm, approximately 7um and is surrounded by mitochondrial sheath
Midpiece
76
Part of the sperm that produced energy for motility
Mitochondrial sheath
77
Sperm morphology is evaluated under which objective in the microscope?
OIO
78
A thinly smeared sperm slide is stable for how long?
24 hours
79
In evaluating the sperm morphology, at least how many sperm should be evaluated?
200
80
This is an integral part of evaluations in assisted production, but is not routinely performed but recommended by WHO
Kruger's strict criteria
81
In Kruger's strict criteria, how many normal forms are usually reported?
>14%
82
In routine criteria, how many normal forms are usually reported?
>30%
83
Sperm vitality is assessed within how many hours of ejaculation?
1 hour
84
Stain used in assessing the sperm vitality
Eosin-nigrosin stain
85
Number of sperm evaluated in sperm vitality
Dead cells per 100 sperm
86
The normal vitality of sperm would exhibit how many percent of living cells?
50% or more
87
Seminal fluid fructose is evaluated within how many hours of collection?
2 (or frozen to prevent fructolysis)
88
The resorcinol test for seminal fluid fructose would produce what color?
Orange
89
Normal level of fructose in the sperm
> or equal to 13 umol per ejaculate
90
Can both be present in men and women and can be a possible cause of infertility
Antisperm antibodies
91
Antisperm antibodies are produced in response to disruption of ___
Blood-testis barrier
92
Suspected when clumps of sperms are observed during a routing semen analysis
Antisperm antibodies
93
A normal semen analysis with continued infertility may be indicative of ___
Antisperm antibodies
94
Causes sperm to stick to each other in a head-to-head, head-to-tail, or tail-to-tail pattern
Antisperm antibodies
95
Screening procedure used primarily to detect the presence of IgG antibodies
Mixed agglutination reaction (MAR) test
96
In MAR test, the sperm is incubated with ___ and ___
IgG AHG
Suspension of latex particle/ treated RBCs coated with IgG
97
Positive result for MAR test
Microscopically visible clumps of sperm and particles or cells
98
Normal MAR test result
<10% of motile sperm attached to the particles
99
Used to detect the presence of IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies
Immunobead test
100
Demonstrates what area of the sperm the autoantibodies are affecting
Immunobead test
101
In immunobead test, sperm are mixed with ___ beads coated with either anti-IgG, anti-IgM, or anti-IgA
Polyacrylamide
102
Normal result for immunobead test
Presence of beads on >50% of the sperm
103
Chemical testing for rape/sexual assault is enhanced with ___
Xylene
104
Chemical testing for rape/sexual assault is viewed under what microscope?
Phase microscopy
105
Sperm motility can be seen up to ___
24 hours
106
Non-motile sperm can be seen until ___
3 days
107
The head of the sperm will remain for up to ___ even if the sperm is dead
7 days
108
The more specific chemical testing for rape/sexual assault
p30 (prostatic specific antigen [PSA])
109
What other tests can be done after chemical testing for rape/sexual assault to obtain further information?
ABO blood grouping
DNA analysis
110
An additional test for sperm function when the sperm is incubated with species-nonspecific hamster eggs and microscopically observed for penetration
Hamster Egg Penetration
111
An additional test for sperm function which is an observation if the sperm is able to penetrate the midcycle cervical mucus of the partner
Cervical mucus penetration
112
An additional test for sperm function where the sperm is exposed to low-sodium concentrations and are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability
Hypo-osmotic swelling
113
An additional test for sperm function which evaluates the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration
In vitro acrosome reaction
114
Provides standardized procedures for semen analysis
WHO
115
Provides proficiency testing program, including sperm concentration, vitality, and morphology
College of American Pathologists (CAP)
American Association of Bioanalysts
