2S [LEC]: Renal Diseases

Question 1

In glomerular diseases, circulating ___ molecules are deposited in the glomerular membranes

Answer 1

IgA

Question 2

An inflammatory process that affects the glomerulus

Answer 2

Glomerulonephritis

Question 3

Glomerulonephritis is associated with the finding of ___ in the urine

Answer 3

Blood
Protein Casts

Question 4

Sudden onset of symptoms consistent with damage to the glomerular membrane

Answer 4

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Question 5

Population commonly affected by the Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Answer 5

Children and young adults

Question 6

Occurs usually after respiratory infections caused by Group A Beta-hemolytic streptococci

Answer 6

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Question 7

Virulence factor of Streptococcus that causes Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Answer 7

M protein

Question 8

In the Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN), the ___ is the one mainly responsible for the glomerular damage

Answer 8

Inflammatory reaction

Question 9

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis is also called ___

Answer 9

Cresenteric glomerulonephritis

Question 10

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN) has ___ prognosis than Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer 10

Better

Question 11

In the Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN), the damage by macrophages to the capillary walls releases cells into the plasma into ___

Answer 11

Bowmans Space

Question 12

Formation of ___, which contains macrophages, fibroblasts, and polymerized fibrin is a manifestation of Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Answer 12

Crescents

Question 13

Dysmorphic RBCs are an indication of ___

Answer 13

Acute Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis (APSGN)

Question 14

Has a similar urine picture with Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN) but has a more rapid progression and has a bad prognosis

Answer 14

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN)

Question 15

Caused by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

Answer 15

Goodpasture syndrome

Question 16

The Goodpasture syndrome is usually caused by ___ infections that affects the lungs

Answer 16

Viral

Question 17

In ___, progression to end-stage renal failure is common

Answer 17

Goodpasture syndrome

Question 18

A condition that manifests with hemoptysis, dyspnea, and hematuria

Answer 18

Goodpasture syndrome

Question 19

A condition where the patient coughs sputum with the presence of blood

Answer 19

Hemoptysis

Question 20

Production of granuloma in the small blood vessels

Answer 20

Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)/ Wegener’s Granulomatosis

Question 21

Deposition of these antibodies causes Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) that can initiate the immune response and induce granuloma formation

Answer 21

Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)

Question 22

ANCA detected with the antibody deposition near the nucleus of the cell with ethanol fixation

Answer 22

Perinuclear pattern (P-ANCA)

Question 23

ANCA detected through formalin-fixed neutrophils and is deposited at the cytoplasm

Answer 23

Cytoplasmic pattern (Granular)

Question 24

Population most affected by the Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

Answer 24

Children

Question 25

Condition that usually manifests through respiratory and GI symptoms with sputum and stool with the presence of blood

Answer 25

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

Question 26

Thickening of the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 26

Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN)

Question 27

Membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) is often due to the deposition of what immune complex?

Answer 27

IgG

Question 28

Increased cellularity in the subendothelial cells of the mesangium causing thickening of the capillary walls

Answer 28

Type 1 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Question 29

Dense deposits in the glomerular basement membrane, tubules, and Bowman Capsule

Answer 29

Type 2 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Question 30

Both subendothelial and subepithelial deposits are present

Answer 30

Type 3 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Question 31

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) that usually results to nephrotic syndrome

Answer 31

Type 1

Question 32

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) that is common in children and causes chronic glomerulonephritis, causing end-stage renal disease

Answer 32

Type 2

Question 33

Worst type of Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

Answer 33

Type 3

Question 34

When the damage to the glomerulus does not resolve or repeatedly happens

Answer 34

Chronic glomerulonephritis

Question 35

The indication of chronic glomerulonephritis in the urine is ___

Answer 35

Broad waxy casts

Question 36

Immune complexes of IgA deposits in the glomerular membrane

Answer 36

Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgA)

Question 37

Most common cause of glomerulonephritis

Answer 37

Immunoglobulin A Nephropathy (IgA)

Question 38

Condition that manifests as massive proteinuria with at least 3+ or 4+ grading

Answer 38

Nephrotic syndrome

Question 39

Level of albumin in the plasma in nephrotic syndrome (high/ low)

Answer 39

Low

Question 40

Level of serum lipid in nephrotic syndrome (high/ low)

Answer 40

High

Question 41

In nephrotic syndrome, the ___ is compromised which results in the passage of high molecular weight particles like albumin and lipids

Answer 41

Shield of negativity

Question 42

Usual urine findings in nephrotic syndrome

Answer 42

Oval fat bodies Fatty & waxy casts

Question 43

Little changes in the glomerulus are seen but there is damage in the podocytes and the shield of negativity

Answer 43

Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

Question 44

Population most affected by Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

Answer 44

Children

Question 45

Condition experienced by children after vaccination and allergic reactions to medications

Answer 45

Minimal Change Disease (MCD)

Question 46

Affects only portion of the glomerulus and is commonly seen in HIV patients, heroin addicts, patients infected with hepatitis viruses

Answer 46

Focal Segmented Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Question 47

Commonly indicated by deposition of IgM and C3 with heavy proteinuria and microscopic hematuria

Answer 47

Focal Segmented Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

Question 48

Condition caused by lack of oxygen, which can reduce the blood volume coming into the kidneys

Answer 48

Acute tubular necrosis

Question 49

Generalized failure of reabsorption in the PCT

Answer 49

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 50

Condition commonly associated with cystinosis and Hartnup Disease

Answer 50

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 51

Manifests through glycosuria with normal blood glucose, mild proteinuria, and very low urinary pH

Answer 51

Fanconi Syndrome

Question 52

Inherited disorder of collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane

Answer 52

Alport syndrome

Question 53

Usually indicated through macroscopic hematuria and hearing and vision abnormalities

Answer 53

Alport syndrome

Question 54

Alport syndrome symptoms usually appear after ___ in children

Answer 54

Respiratory infections

Question 55

An inherited disorder caused by an autosomal mutation in the gene that produces uromodulin

Answer 55

Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease

Question 56

Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease also results in an increase in ___

Answer 56

Serum uric acid

Question 57

Commonly the most common cause of end-stage renal disease

Answer 57

Diabetic nephropathy

Question 58

Tubules not responding to anti-diuretic hormone

Answer 58

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Question 59

Can be a complication of certain diseases such as sickle-cell disease and polycystic kidney disease

Answer 59

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

Question 60

An inherited lack of production of the receptors for glucose in the tubules thus resulting in faulty reabsorption of glucose in the tubular fluid

Answer 60

Renal Glycosuria

Question 61

A term used to refer to infection of the upper urinary tract including the tubules and the interstitium

Answer 61

Acute pyelonephritis

Question 62

Ascending infection of bacteria most of the time from the lower urinary tract

Answer 62

Acute pyelonephritis

Question 63

Infection may happen due to reflux of urine from the urinary bladder

Answer 63

Acute pyelonephritis

Question 64

Term used to describe the reflux of urine from the urinary bladder

Answer 64

Vesicoureteral reflux

Question 65

Inflammation of the renal interstitium followed by the renal tubules

Answer 65

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Question 66

Manifests as oliguria and edema

Answer 66

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Question 67

Ultimately results in the kidneys losing the ability to concentrate the urine

Answer 67

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Question 68

Primarily associated with an allergic reaction to medications

Answer 68

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Question 69

Common urinary findings include WBC casts without bacteria and presence of eosinophils

Answer 69

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN)

Question 70

Constellation of disorders due to unresolved injuries in the kidney occurring for a considerable period of time

Answer 70

Chronic renal failure

Question 71

Can be small and big calculi, causing UTI and high urine pH

Answer 71

Renal Lithiases

Question 72

High-energy shock waves to break stones in the upper urinary tract for renal lithiases

Answer 72

Lithotripsy

Question 73

Components of calculi in renal lithiases are identified using chemical methods or through ___

Answer 73

X-ray crystallography