S1 [LEC]: URINALYSIS (Specimen collection + Physical examination) Flashcards
(133 cards)
1
Q
The beginning of laboratory medicine started with ___ wherein drawings of ___ and ___ where found
A
Analyzing urine
Cavemen
Egyptian hieroglyphics
2
Q
In 5th century BC, ___ wrote a book on “uroscopy”
A
Hippocrates
3
Q
In ___, color charts have been developed that described the significance of 20 different color of urine
A
1140 CE
4
Q
In 1694, ___ discovered albuminuria by boiling urine
A
Frederick Dekkers
5
Q
In 1925, ___ developed methods quantitating microscopic sediments
A
Thomas Addis
6
Q
In 1827, ___ introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination
A
Richard Bright
7
Q
Ultrafiltrate of the plasma
A
Urine
8
Q
Urine is ___% water and ___% solute
A
95
5
9
Q
The organic components of urine include:
A
Urea
Creatinine
Uric Acid
10
Q
The inorganic compounds of urine include:
A
Chloride
Sodium
Potassium
Phosphate
Ammonium
Calcium
11
Q
Normal daily urine output
A
1200 to 1500 mL
600 to 2000 mL
12
Q
Decrease in urine output
A
Oliguria
13
Q
Volume of urine output to be classified as oliguria in children
A
<0.5 mL/kg/hr
14
Q
Cessation of urine flow
A
Anuria
15
Q
Increase in the nocturnal excretion of urine
A
Nocturia
16
Q
Increase in the daily urine volume
A
Polyuria
17
Q
Volume of urine output to be classified as polyuria in children
A
> 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day
18
Q
In diabetes mellitus, the specific gravity of urine is ___
A
High
19
Q
In diabetes insipidus, the specific gravity of urine is ___
A
Low
20
Q
Give two conditions that cause polyuria
A
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus
21
Q
Recommended capacity of urinalysis collection container
A
50 mL
22
Q
Volume of urine specimen needed for analysis
A
12 mL
23
Q
Specimen should be delivered to the laboratory promptly and tested within ___
A
2 hours
24
Q
Preservative for cherry red/ yellow preservative plus tube
A
Sodium propionate
25
Preservative for drug analysis
Sodium fluoride
26
In case of delay, specimens should be at ___ temperature or have an appropriate chemical preservative added
2-8C
27
Normal color of urine
Yellow
28
T/F: Any color of urine is accepted to be examined
True
29
Pigment of the urine:
Yellow
Urochrome
30
Pigment of the urine:
Pink
Uroerythrin
31
Pigment of the urine:
Orange-brown
Urobilin
32
Give the expected color of the urine:
Recent fluid consumption
Colorless or pale yellow
33
Give the expected color of the urine:
Commonly observed with random specimens
Colorless
34
Give the expected color of the urine:
Polyuria or diabetes insipidus
Pale yellow
35
Give the expected color of the urine:
Diabetes mellitus
Pale yellow
36
Give the expected color of the urine:
Diluted random specimen
Pale yellow
37
Give the expected color of the urine:
Increased 24-hour volume and low specific gravity
Pale yellow
38
Give the expected color of the urine:
Elevated specific gravity and positive glucose test result
Pale yellow
39
Give the expected color of the urine:
Concentrated specimen
Dark yellow
40
Give the expected color of the urine:
May be normal after strenous exercise or in first morning specimen
Dark yellow
41
Give the expected color of the urine:
B complex vitamins
Dark yellow
42
Give the expected color of the urine:
Dehydration
Dark yellow
43
Give the expected color of the urine:
Fever or burns
Dark yellow
44
Give the expected color of the urine:
Bilirubin
Dark yellow
45
Give the expected color of the urine:
Acriflavine
Dark yellow
46
Give the expected color of the urine:
Nitrofurantoin
Dark yellow
47
Give the expected color of the urine:
Antibiotic administered for UTI
Dark yellow
48
Give the expected color of the urine:
Phenazopyridine (pyridium)
Orange-yellow
49
Give the expected color of the urine:
Phenindione
Orange-yellow
50
Give the expected color of the urine:
Bilirubin oxidized to biliverdin
Yellow-green
51
Give the expected color of the urine:
Pseudomonas infection
Green
52
Give the expected color of the urine:
Amitriptyline
Blue-green
53
Give the expected color of the urine:
Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
Blue-green
54
Give the expected color of the urine:
Clorets
Blue-green
55
Give the expected color of the urine:
Indican
Blue-green
56
Give the expected color of the urine:
Methylene blue
Blue-green
57
Give the expected color of the urine:
Oxidized phenol
Blue-green
58
Give the expected color of the urine:
RBCs (hematuria)
Pink
59
Give the expected color of the urine:
Hemoglobin
Red
60
Give the expected color of the urine:
Myoglobin
Red
61
Give the expected color of the urine:
Beets
Red
62
Give the expected color of the urine:
Rifampin
Red
63
Give the expected color of the urine:
Menstrual contamination
Red
64
T/F: When there are hemoglobin and myoglobin in the blood, the urine is expected to be turbid or milky
False (clear)
65
Give the expected color of the urine:
Porphyrins
Port wine red
66
Give the expected color of the urine:
RBCs (or myoglobin) oxidized to methemoglobin
Red-brown
67
Give the expected color of the urine:
Homogentisic acid
Brown or black
68
Give the expected color of the urine:
Malignant melanoma
Black
69
Give the expected color of the urine:
Melanin
Black
70
Give the expected color of the urine:
Phenol derivatives
Black
71
Give the expected color of the urine:
Argyrol
Black
72
Give the expected color of the urine:
Methyldopa or Levodopa
Black
73
Give the expected color of the urine:
Metronidazole (flagyl)
Black
74
Also known as urine transparency
Clarity
75
Freshly voided normal urine is usually ___
Clear
76
If there are no squamous epithelial cells in a urine specimen, the sample is possibly ___
Adulterated
77
Translucent threadlike structures found in the urine
Mucus
78
Non-pathologic cause of urine turbidity that precipitates when refrigerated or when the patient is dehydrated
Amorphous phosphates
Carbonates
Urates
79
A fecal contamination in the urine requires ___
Repeat collection
80
Specific gravity of radiographic contrast media that causes non-pathologic turbidity in the urine sample
1.035 to 1.040
81
Direct methods for determining specific gravity
Urinometer
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometer
82
Indirect methods for determining specific gravity
Reagent strip
Refractometer
83
Specific gravity of urine classified as isosthenuric
1.010
84
Specific gravity of urine classified as hyposthenuric
<1.010
85
Specific gravity of urine classified as hypersthenuric
>1.010
86
The Stamey-Mares Test for Prostatitis uses the ___-glass urine collection technique
Four
87
A pigment in the urine that is increased when the specimen stands at room temperature
Urochrome
88
Pigment in the urine that is the product of endogenous metabolism
Urochrome
89
Uroerythrin, a pink pigment in the urine, is enhanced with ___
Refrigeration
90
Refrigeration allows this specific pigment in the urine to attach to the sediments, giving it a certain color
Uroerythrin
91
Causes yellow foam when shaken, which could be mistaken for bilirubin
Phenazopyridine (Pyridium)
92
Bacterial species that cause purple urine color
Klebsiella spp.
Providencia spp.
93
Indican causes a blue-green urine, specific in babies with ___
Blue diaper syndrome
94
T/F: Pseudomonas infection causes an increased urinary indican
True
95
This specific urine color is indicative of glomerular bleeding if found in fresh urine
Brown
96
Nonpathologic causes of hazy but normal urine in females which increase during refrigeration
Squamous epithelial cells
Mucus
97
Formed when acidic urine is refrigerated
Amorphous urates
98
Formed when alkaline urine is refrigerated
Amorphous phosphates
Carbonates
99
T/F: Specific gravity is an absolute value
False (relative value)
100
A method of specific gravity determination that is less accurate and uses a weighted float attached to a scale
Urinometer
101
A method of specific gravity determination that uses the frequency of a sound wave entering a solution that changes in proportion to the density of the solution
Harmonic Oscillation Densitometer
102
A refractometer uses ___ to direct a specific wavelength of daylight to relate the specific gravity of the urine
Prism
103
This method of specific gravity determination compares the velocity of lightning the air with the velocity of light in a solution
Refractometer
104
Give the possible urine odor:
Normal
Aromatic
105
Give the possible urine odor:
Bacterial decomposition, urinary tract infection
Foul, ammonia-like
106
Give the possible urine odor:
Ketones caused by diabetes mellitus, starvation, vomiting
Fruity, sweet
107
Give the possible urine odor:
Phenylketonuria
Mousy
108
Give the possible urine odor:
Tyrosinemia
Rancid
109
Give the possible urine odor:
Isovaleric acidemia
Sweaty feet
110
Give the possible urine odor:
Methionine malabsorption
Cabbage
111
Give the possible urine odor:
Contamination
Bleach
112
Volume of urine output to be classified as oliguria in adult
<400 mL/day
113
Volume of urine output to be classified as polyuria in adult
>2.5 L/day
114
A metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids
Urea
115
Accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine
Urea
116
The major inorganic solid dissolved in urine
Chloride
117
Identify the component in normal urine:
Product of creatine metabolism by muscles
Creatinine
118
Identify the component in normal urine:
Product of nucleic acid breakdown in food and cells
Uric acid
119
Identify the component in normal urine:
Found in combination with sodium and many other inorganic substances
Chloride
120
Identify the component in normal urine:
Combined with chloride and other salts
Potassium
121
Identify the component in normal urine:
Regulates blood and tissue fluid acidity
Ammonia
122
Identify the component in normal urine:
Combines with chloride, sulfate, and phosphate
Calcium
123
Oliguria is seen when the body enters a state of ___
Dehydration
124
T/F: The kidneys excrete two to three times more urine during the day than during the night
True
125
When there is a cloudy urine with positive chemical test results for blood, the cause of pink red urine is ___
RBCs
126
When there is a clear urine with positive chemical test results for blood, the cause of pink red urine is ___
Hemoglobin
Myoglobin
127
When there is a cloudy specimen with RBCs, mucus, and clots, the pink red urine may be caused by ___
Menstrual contamination
128
One of the most common causes of abnormal urine color
Blood
129
If a patient has a clear and red urine, this may either be hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria. How can we differentiate them?
Patient's plasma (hemoglobin = red plasma, myoglobin = clear plasma)
130
A comparison of the velocity of the light in the air with the velocity of light in a solution
Refractive index
131
The corrected SG is done through adding/subtracting ___ for each gram of protein present
0.003
132
The corrected SG is done through adding/subtracting ___ for each gram of glucose present
0.004
133
