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Endocrine Week 3 2017/18 > 3: Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland > Flashcards

3: Anatomy and physiology of the thyroid gland Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is the master gland of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

In relation to the thyroid, which hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus and acts on the pituitary gland?

A

TRH

Thyrotrophin releasing hormone

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3
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland and acts on the thyroid?

A

TSH

Thyroid stimulating hormone

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4
Q

Which hormones are released by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroxine (T4)

Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin

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5
Q

Which glands are found on the posterior aspect of the thyroid?

A

4 parathyroid glands

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6
Q

Which nerve could be damaged in thyroid surgery, almost certainly getting you sued?

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Unilateral - swallowing issues

Bilateral - lack of phonation

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7
Q

Removal of the parathyroid glands during thyroid surgery may result in ___.

A

hypoparathyroidism

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8
Q

Thyroid pathologies have typical appearances on which imaging modality?

A

Ultrasound

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9
Q

The thyroid takes up ___. This allows it to be seen on radionucleotide imaging.

A

iodine

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10
Q

From wikiped:

Low uptake suggests thyroiditis, high uptake suggests Graves’ disease,[4] and unevenness in uptake suggests the presence of a nodule.

A
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11
Q

What carrier protein is found in the follicle of thyroid cells?

A

Thyroglobulin (which carries T3 and T4)

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12
Q

What is the fluid area found in the central of a follicle?

A

Colloid

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13
Q

Thyroglobulin is found in which part of a thyroid follicle?

A

Colloid

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14
Q

What binds to thyroglobulin to produce thyroid hormones?

A

Iodine

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15
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported from the colloid to the follicular cells once they have been produced?

A

Pinocytosis

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16
Q

How are thyroid hormones transported from the follicular cells into the bloodstream?

A

Exocytosis

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17
Q

Where are C cells found?

What do they produce?

A

Parafollicular

Calcitonin

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18
Q

Iodine binds to what part of thyroglobulin to form the precursors of thyroid hormones?

A

Tyrosine residue

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19
Q

What is the biggest cause of hypothyroidism (i.e lack of thyroid hormone production) globally?

A

Iodine deficiency

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20
Q

What antithyroid drugs are used to treat hyperthyroidism?

How do they work?

A

Carbimazole, propylthiouracil

Inhibit iodination of thyroglobulin

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21
Q

Why do anti-thyroid drugs have a long onset of action?

A

Prevent NEW thyroid hormones from being made

Still residual thyroid hormone floatin around, and it’s got a half life of around 10 days

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22
Q

Which thyroid hormone is

a) most commonly secreted
b) most potent?

23
Q

T4 must be converted to __ before it can work.

Study These Flashcards
A

T3

More potent

24
Q

Where is T4 converted to T3?

Study These Flashcards
A

Liver and kidneys

25
Thyroid hormones are (hydrophilic / hydrophobic).
**Hydrophobic**
26
How are thyroid hormones similar to steroids?
**Hydrophobic** **Pass through cell membrane** **Act on nuclear receptors to alter metabolism** **Require carrier proteins to travel in blood**
27
Thyroid hormones are released from follicular cells in response to which hormone?
**TSH**
28
On which carrier proteins are thyroid hormones transported in the blood?
**Thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)** **Transthyretin** **Albuminnnn**
29
When thyroid hormones are bound to carrier proteins, they are \_\_\_.
**inactive**
30
Free thyroid hormones are (inactive / active).
**active**
31
Where are thyroid hormone receptors found?
**Everywhere** hence systemic effects
32
How do thyroid hormones work normally?
**Bind to nuclear receptors to alter gene transcription for genes controlling metabolism, growth, reproduction etc.**
33
Thyroid hormones **(increase / decrease)** the basal metabolic rate.
**increase basal metabolic rate**
34
What process responsible for generating body heat are thyroid hormones responsible for?
**Thermogenesis**
35
What effect do thyroid hormones have on the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and protein?
**Increase the metabolism of all three**
36
Which hormone's secretion itself requires the action of thyroid hormones?
**Growth hormone**
37
The development of which organ is especially dependent on thyroid hormones?
**Brain**
38
How exactly do thyroid problems cause autonomic symptoms?
**Increase expression of adrenaline receptors** \> autonomic symptoms (tachycardia, sweating, anxiety etc.)
39
The related actions of the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland and their hormones are collectively known as what?
**H-P-T axis**
40
The levels of T3 and T4 affect the secretion of TRH and TSH. What is this an example of?
**Negative feedback**
41
**TSH** receptors, found on thyroid ___ cells, are examples of which type of receptor?
**follicular cells** **G protein coupled receptors**
42
G protein receptor function involves the conversion of ATP to \_\_\_, which causes an effect in the cell.
**cAMP**
43
Measuring thyroid hormones in sick patients is not advised - why?
**Non-thyroid illness** STRESS increases the secretion of thyroid hormones which can be misinterpreted
44
Stress **(increases / inhibits****)** thyroid hormone secretion.
**inhibits secretion**
45
What external factors influence the secretion of thyroid hormones?
**Temperature** **Circadian rhythm**
46
Which family of enzymes deactivate thyroid hormones?
**Deiodinase enzymes**
47
Different types of deiodinase enzymes are found in (the same / different) tissues of the body.
**different tissues, different enzymes**
48
Which deiodinase enzyme converts T4 to T3 in liver and kidney cells?
**D2**
49
Where are thyroid hormone receptors found in a cell?
**Within the nucleus**
50
Different __ \_\_ receptors are found in different parts of the body.
**thyroid hormone**
51
What, related to thyroid hormone receptors, can produce signs and symptoms of hyper and hypothyroidism?
**Gene mutations** **Producing RESISTANCE TO THYROID HORMONES**
52
What is the **appearance** of hypothyroidism called in a) adults b) babies?
**Myxoedema** **Cretinism** a bit old-fashioned now
53
What is **thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin** an important part of?
**Graves disease** behaves like TSH but isn't regulated by negative feedback, so it produces hyperthyroidism

Endocrine Week 3 2017/18 (11 decks)

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