3 - Basal Ganglia (9)

Question 1

basal ganglia is a nuclei deep within the cerebral hemispheres that controls _ with the cerebellum

Answer 1

upper motor neurons

Question 2

the basal ganglia encodes for (4)

Answer 2

decision to move
direction to move
amplitude of movement
motor expression of motors

Question 3

_ funnels cortical information through motor circuits

Answer 3

basal ganglia

Question 4

together the putamen and the caudate nucleus are called the _

Answer 4

striatum

Question 5

What gives the putamen and caudate nucleus the striated appearance?

Answer 5

bridging fibers

Question 6

the striatum is the _ nucleus to the basal ganglia

Answer 6

input

Question 7

the striatum receives excitatory input from _ and _

Answer 7

cortex and subcortical structures

Question 8

the globus pallidus is divided into _ and _

Answer 8

external and internal parts (GPe and GPi)

Question 9

the globus pallidus is the main _ nucleus of the basal ganglia

Answer 9

output

Question 10

globus pallidus gets inhibitory projections from _

Answer 10

thalamus

Question 11

globus pallidus is also known as _

Answer 11

lentiform nucleus (looks like lens in cross section)

Question 12

nucleus accumbens gets _ input

Answer 12

dopaminergic

Question 13

the nucleus accumbens is integral in _ and _

Answer 13

limbic system and motivation and reward circuit

Question 14

the subthalamic nuclei receives information from cortex and output is _ to _ and _

Answer 14

excitatory to globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 15

which nuclei controls output rhythm (clock of basal ganglia)

Answer 15

subthalamic nuclei

Question 16

the substantia nigra is dopaminergic neurons that project to the (3)

Answer 16

putamen, caudate nucleus, and subthalamic nucleus

Question 17

interior section of cortex under lateral fissure

Answer 17

insula

Question 18

main input nucleus to basal ganglia: _

-allows basal ganglia to integrate information and encode for movement

Answer 18

striatum

Question 19

main output nucleus from basal ganglia: _

Answer 19

globus pallidus

Question 20

globus pallidus has _ effects on thalamus

Answer 20

inhibitory (tonic inhibition) - it holds inhibition on thalamus and decreases cortical activity

Question 21

globus pallidus’ inhibitory NT:

Answer 21

GABA

Question 22

direct pathway _ tonic inhibition

Answer 22

lifts - facilitate movement

Question 23

indirect pathway _ tonic inhibition

Answer 23

enhances - decreases movement

Question 24

REWATCH DIRECT AND INDIRECT PATHWAYS

Answer 24

–

Question 25

Parkinson's disease is characterized by _

Answer 25

decrease in movement

Question 26

Parkinson's is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the _

Answer 26

substantia nigra

Question 27

Parkinsons causes _ of direct pathway and _ of indirect pathway

Answer 27

loss of excitatory | loss of fine tuning of indirect, indirect takes over (indirect puts breaks on direct and suppresses movement)

Question 28

the motor circuit is integrated in the _ and mediated by _ pathway(s)

Answer 28

putamen | direct and indirect

Question 29

disorder of motor circuit causes too little or excessive movement, such as in: (3)

Answer 29

Parkinson's Ballism Huntington's disease

Question 30

oculomotor circuit directs _

Answer 30

gase and orientation of eye to "reward"

Question 31

input for the oculomotor circuit comes from cortex and output acts on what 2 nucleus? what do they do?

Answer 31

VA - FEF to initiate gaze | DM - works with limbic system to direct gaze to reward

Question 32

in oculomotor circuit, substantia nigra communicates with _

Answer 32

superior colliculus

Question 33

associative circuit role is _

Answer 33

planning/ cognitive components of movement

Question 34

associative circuit output acts on _ and _

Answer 34

VA and CM

Question 35

the limbic circuit is involved in _

Answer 35

regulation of emotion, motivation, and affect (facial expressions)

Question 36

with Parkinson's disease is a blank stare.. you can be clued to which area?

Answer 36

UMN -> limbic lobe

Question 37

Which 2 nuclei of the basal ganglia make up the striatum?

Answer 37

putamen and caudate nucleus

Question 38

Which nucleus of the basal ganglia serves as the main output nucleus, ultimately regulating thalamic activity

Answer 38

globus pallidus

Question 39

Parkinsons's disease is due to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the _

Answer 39

substantia nigra