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Neuroanatomy > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

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1
Q

2 purposes of gyri and sulci?

A

anatomical division and increase surface area

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2
Q

white or gray matter in core and surrounding?

A

white core, gray surrounding

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3
Q

how is the cortex organized horizontally?

A

histologically - predominating cell type

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4
Q

how is the cortex organized vertically?

A

by function

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5
Q

neocortex composed of _ and # layers?

A

majority of human cortex, 6 layers

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6
Q

paleocortex and archicortex composed of # layers and what two other structures?

A

3 layers, olfactory bulbs, hippocampus

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7
Q

6 layers of cortex? (1-6 is outer to inner)

A

molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform

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8
Q

pyramidal neurons found in which 2 layers?

they provide main _ of the cortex?

A

3, 5

output (efferent)

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9
Q

granular cells are found in which 2 layers?
main _ cells of cortex?
involved in _ functions?

A

2, 4
interneurons
afferent/sensory

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10
Q

homotypical vs heterotypical cortex?

A

homo - can see 6 regular layers

hetero - 6 layers are not recognizable

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11
Q

in heterotypical, what is granular vs agranular?

A

how well developed the cells are

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12
Q

granular cells are mainly _ integration and found in what 2 layers?

A

sensory

2, 4

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13
Q

thalamocortical fibers are made of what cell type?

A

granular (hetero)

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14
Q

agranular type are found mostly in _

they are densely packed with _

A

primary motor cortex (frontal lobe)

pyramidal cells

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15
Q

subcortical fiber bundles are made of what cell type?

A

agranular type (hetero)

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16
Q

association fibers connect _

A

areas of cortex within the same hemisphere

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17
Q

short association connect _

long association connect _

A

areas in adjacent sulci/gyri

more distant areas of cortex

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18
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus spreads anterior to _ lobe, and posterior to _ lobes

A

frontal lobes

parietal occipital

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19
Q

posterior portion of superior longitudinal fasciculus extends into the temporal lobes and is called the _

A

arcuate fasciculus

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20
Q

arcuate fasciculus connects 2 areas in the left hemisphere?

A

broca’s area and wenicke’s area

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21
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus goes through which 3 lobes?

A

frontal - temporal - occipital

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22
Q

inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, AKA _

A

uncinate fasciculus

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23
Q

superior occipitofrontal fasciculus connects which 3 lobes?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital

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24
Q

superior occipitofrontal fasciculus is close to _

A

corpus callosum

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25
cingulum connects areas of _
limbic cortex
26
_ interconnect areas of similar functional activity across 2 hemispheres
commissural fibers
27
majority of commissural fibers cross at _
corpus callosum
28
what is the largest cortical commissure
corpus callosum
29
3 parts of the corpus callosum:
body, splenium (posterior), genu (knee)
30
anterior commissure connects _ and _
anterior temporal lobes and olfactory bulbs
31
posterior commissure is located where? and connects what?
midbrain | pretectal nuclei
32
projection fibers travel to and from which 2 structures?
cortex and thalamus
33
projection fibers come from all parts of cortex into _
corona radiata
34
corona radiata converge into compact bundles called _ (V-shaped with bend @ genu)
internal capsule
35
primary motor cortex is located in _ lobe on _ gyrus
frontal, precentral gyrus
36
primary motor cortex of left hemisphere sends motor output to _ side of body
right (contralateral)
37
somatopy of primary motor cortex?
neurons grouped into functional groups for muscle groups
38
motor homunculus: fine motor units have _ areas devoted in somatopy large motor units have _ area devoted in somatopy
larger | smaller
39
supplementary motor area: motor maps for _ efferent signals to _
posture | limbs and trunk
40
premotor association area: motor maps for _ _ of motor information _ of volunatry movement
- movement of larger limbs - processing of integrating and interpreting - anticipation and planning
41
lesion to primary motor cortex would result in:
paralysis/weakness of contralateral side
42
lesion to motor association area would result in:
apraxia - can't do something they know how to do like walk, brush hair
43
primary sensory cortex is located in _ lobe, on _ gyrus
parietal, postcentral
44
afferent information from right side of body travels ascending spinal cord tract to _ primary sensory cortex
left
45
the sensory homunculus is the same as the motor homunculus, larger areas get _ sensory innervation
more
46
cortical plasticity refers to how the body can _
change cortical representation
47
what is lateral inhibition?
inhibitory signals adjacent to area receiving sensory stimulation - contrast helps with tactile discrimination
48
sensory association area is adjacent to _
primary sensory corte in parietal lobe
49
sensory association area is responsible for _ of sensory information
interpretation
50
lesion to primary sensory cortex results in:
not a complete loss of sensory perception and deficit in awareness and localization of sensory stimuli (localizing where you were touched)
51
lesion to sensory association area results in:
tactile agnosia - inability to recognize what you tough | astereognosis - inability to recognize object in hand
52
primary visual cortex is loacted in _ lobe and lies above and below _ sulcus
occiputal lobe, calcarine
53
PVC: visual field information comes from _
optic radiations
54
right side of PVC receives _ visual field information
left
55
superior to calcarine sulcus receives _ visual field information
inferior
56
visual association area is located:
surrounding primary visual cortex
57
visual association area does what?
higher order processing that gives meaning and interpretation to what we are seeing
58
lesion to primary visual cortex would result in:
homonymous, contralateral defect (full or central) OR | bilateral altitudinal visual field defect
59
lesion to visual association area would result in:
visual agnosia - unable to recognize familiar objects, despite intact sight and pursuit/saccadic deficits
60
primary auditory cortex is located in _ lobe on _ gyrus
deep temporal, superior temporal (heschel)
61
cochlear information is sent to _ medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus medial geniculate nucleus sends information to _
ipsilateral AND contralateral!! primary auditory cortex
62
auditory association area is located? and responsible for?
adjacent to primary auditory cortex on temporal lobe, interpretation and meaning of sounds
63
Wernicke area is responsible for?
understanding language
64
lesion to primary auditory cortex would result in:
decreased perception of sound primarily in contralateral ear
65
lesion to auditory association area would result in:
acoustic verbal agnosia - "word deafness", inability to interpret what is heard despite having intact hearing
66
primary sensory taste area?
insula
67
insula receives information from taste receptors in _
VPM of thalamus
68
primary olfactory sensory area is called?
entorhinal cortex
69
frontal association area is for:
planning and adaptation of behavior to social constructs
70
parietal association area is for:
attention and awareness
71
temporal association area is for:
recognition of things and situations around us
72
dorsal and lateral portions of frontal association area regulate _, _ responses to stimuli
attention | motor
73
ventral and medial portions of frontal association area regulate _. motor expression to _ and _
emotions | emotions and behavior
74
frontal association areas has extensive innervation from _ systems of the brainstem
monoaminergic (dopamine, noradrenaline, seratonin)
75
the curious case of phineas gage: rod went through what? how was he affected?
frontal association area | no impulse control, antisocial, couldn't control behavior
76
parietal association area: integration of _ and _ area crucial for _ _ _
somatic and visual spatial/temporal attention awareness of self awareness of extrapersonal space
77
lesion to right parietal lobe would result in:
left spatial neglect (there is seldom left injury and right spatial inattention)
78
temporal association areas fusiform gyrus - recognition of _ stimulus lateral surface - recognition of _
visual | language
79
lesions to temporal lobe would result in:
agnosia and prosopagnosia (unable to recognize faces)
80
language is highly lateralized in the _ hemisphere | responsible for things like: _ _ _ _
non-dominate (usually right) | melody, rhythm, emotions, accents
81
dominate hemisphere (usually left) houses what 2 things?
broca's area - expression of language | wernicke's area - comprehension of language
82
broca area _ gyrus of frontal lobe _ of language
inferior frontal | production
83
wernicke area _ gyrus of parietal/temporal regions _ of language
superior temporal | comprehension and interpretation
84
aphasia vs dysarthria?
inability to communicate | vs damage to muscles
85
broca aphasia looks like?
(expressive or motor) - difficult producing, sparse and halting, grammer, frustration
86
wernicke aphasia looks like?
(receptive or sensory) - speak confidently, unaware that it doesn't make sense
87
what does conduction aphasia look like? what is being affected?
arcuate fasciculus - if you say "repeat milk", they may say "white liquid"
88
what is prognosis on conduction aphasia? why?
good due to cortical plasticity
89
modern model is putting less emphasis on _
lateralization | more interplay in senses, arcuate fasciculus has a diminished role

Neuroanatomy (12 decks)

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