3 - Brainstem and Reticular Formation (10)

Question 1

brainstem connects cortex and spinal cord with _

Answer 1

cerebellum

Question 2

brainstem is located where in relation to skull?

Answer 2

posterior cranial fossa

Question 3

brainstem merges with spinal cord at _

Answer 3

foramen magnum

Question 4

the tectum is part of the midbrain and contains which important structures?

Answer 4

superior and inferior colliculi

Question 5

the _ is considered the core of the brainstem

Answer 5

tegmentum

Question 6

the hypothalamus is located where?

Answer 6

midbrain

Question 7

the cerebral peduncles (aka crus cerebri) are located where?

Answer 7

midbrain

Question 8

inferior and superior colliculi are located where?

Answer 8

posterior midbrain

Question 9

red nucleus and substantia nigra are located where?

Answer 9

midbrain

Question 10

high iron deposition in _

Answer 10

red nucleus

Question 11

dopaminergic neurons are located in _

Answer 11

substantia nigra

Question 12

the bridge of the pons is called the _

Answer 12

basilar groove

Question 13

trigeminal and facial nuclei is located at what level of brainstem?

Answer 13

pons

Question 14

olives and pyramids are located at _

Answer 14

medulla oblongata

Question 15

do the pyramids decussate?

Answer 15

yes

Question 16

open and closed portions of the medulla?

Answer 16

superior: open
inferior: closed

Question 17

fasciculus gracilis is _

fasciculus cuneatus is _

Answer 17

medial

lateral

Question 18

junction between open and closed medulla is the _

Answer 18

obex

Question 19

nucleus ambiguous controls _

Answer 19

throat muscles

Question 20

solitary tract nucleus receives _ sensations

Answer 20

taste

Question 21

dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve controls _ functions of CN X

Answer 21

parasympathetic

Question 22

network of neurons throughout brainstem and spinal cord

Answer 22

reticular formation

Question 23

the reticular formation coordinates _ patterns

and modifies _ information

Answer 23

complex motor (coughing, swallowing, breathing)
sensory

Question 24

reticular formation plays a key role in _

Answer 24

consciousness

Question 25

_ is the "integrator of the CNS"

Answer 25

reticular formation

Question 26

the lateral zone of the reticular zone processes _ information; receives info from _ tract

Answer 26

afferent (sensory) | spinoreticular

Question 27

lateral zone reticular neurons project to: - medial zone: _ - NT system: _ - thalamus:_ - hypothalamus:_

Answer 27

modulate motor function consciousness influence cortical output influence autonomic output

Question 28

the medial zone of the reticular formation processes _ information

Answer 28

efferent (motor)

Question 29

the medial zone receives information from: (5)

Answer 29

cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, spinal cord

Question 30

_ maintains muscle tone during movements

Answer 30

medial zone of reticular formation

Question 31

3 functional components of the reticular formation:

Answer 31

lateral zone medial zone NT systems

Question 32

3 main neurotransmitter systems in the reticular formation:

Answer 32

dopaminergic noradrenergic setotonergic (cholinergic and histaminergic)

Question 33

dopaminergic system: substantia nigra projects to _, this plays an important role in _

Answer 33

caudate nucleus in putament | control of movement (Parkinson's Disease)

Question 34

``` dopaminergic system: ventral tegmental area projects to _, plays a role in _ _ disrupt this _ mimic this neural pattern ```

Answer 34

CNS (nucleus accumbens) reward, motivation, and emotion depression and anxiety addictive drus

Question 35

substantia nigra plays major role in control of _

Answer 35

movement

Question 36

2 divisions of dopaminergic system:

Answer 36

nigrostriatal (substantia nigra - movement) | mesocorticolimbic (nucleus accumbens - motivation, reward, emotion)

Question 37

primary NT for noradrenergic system: _

Answer 37

norepinephrine

Question 38

noradrenergic system is located _

Answer 38

in locus coeruleus (pons)

Question 39

noradrenergic system projects to _, and firing may be _

Answer 39

widespread CNS, tonic or phasic

Question 40

main functions of noradrenergic system:

Answer 40

attention, sleep/wake cycle, mood, pain

Question 41

serotonergic system is housed in _

Answer 41

raphe nucleu

Question 42

serotonergic system is involved in regulation of _

Answer 42

MOOD, appetitie, sleep, pain modulation, memory and learning

Question 43

modulation of _ is major action of anti-depressant meds

Answer 43

serotonin (block the reuptake)

Question 44

cholinergic system NT is _

Answer 44

Ach

Question 45

cholinergic system projects to _ and is involved in _

Answer 45

thalamus, arousal and motor function (enhances synapses)

Question 46

histaminergic system plays a role in _

Answer 46

arousal and alertness

Question 47

central pattern generator is made up of what 2 groups?

Answer 47

posterior respiratory group and anterior respiratory group

Question 48

posterior respiratory group does: (3)

Answer 48

modulates respiratory patterns sensory from chemo and stretch receptors in lung motor to inspiration muscles

Question 49

anterior respiratory group does: (1)

Answer 49

coordinates innervation of inspiratory and expiratory muscles

Question 50

breathing is USUALLY a passive process-- | when it is not, _ is in control

Answer 50

anterior respiratory group

Question 51

nonrespiratory functions of respiratory neurons: (3)

Answer 51

emesis, hiccups, coughing

Question 52

there are many causes of emesis (vomiting): one being the activation of _

Answer 52

area postrema (fenestrated blood vessels so toxins can pass through)

Question 53

stimulation of peripheral parts cause hiccuping and coughing, specifically:

Answer 53

hiccups - diaphragm | cough - upper airway

Question 54

what is often the first symptom of medullary damage?

Answer 54

hiccuping (inspiratory and expiratory muscles are no longer coordinated)

Question 55

What is the name of the area in the brainstem that stimulates the emetic (vomiting) center when compressed by increase intracranial pressure?

Answer 55

Area Postrema

Question 56

CN IV is located in the _ at the level of the _

Answer 56

midbrain; inferior colliculus

Question 57

Which neurotransmitter system plays a role in addiction?

Answer 57

dopamine from the VTA