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Geography > 3) Distinctive Landscapes - Also See Book > Flashcards

3) Distinctive Landscapes - Also See Book Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

How are waterfalls formed?

A

River flows over soft and hard rock
Soft rock erodes more quickly
Undercuts leaving overhang

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2
Q

How are gorges formed?

A

In a waterfall, the overhand drops into the plunge pool, so the waterfall retreats
This valley is a gorge

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3
Q

How is a V shaped valley formed?

A

The rivers flow down and erode the landscape
This creates a deep notch
Lateral erosion deepens the sides and bottom
= V shaped valley

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4
Q

How is a flood plain formed?

A

Formed by deposition of materials

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5
Q

How are levees formed?

A

A build up of alluvium on river bank

Raises bank

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6
Q

How is a meander formed?

A

Water erodes laterally to form meanders

The erosion deepens the meander on the outside and deposition is on the inside

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7
Q

How is an oxbow lake formed?

A

From a meander- the neck gets tighter and breaks
The water takes the shortest route
As there is no water in the oxbow lake, it will eventually dry up

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8
Q

what are the four groups of characteristics that make a landscape?

A

biological
physical
variables
human

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9
Q

what does periglacial mean?

A

located on the margin of past glaciers

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10
Q

where are the upland areas in the UK? Give an exampe

A 
along west side
north-west highlands
southern uplands
cumbrian mountains
brecon beacons
(scotland and wales)
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11
Q

where are the lowland areas of the UK? give an example

A 
scottish islands
along east side
the Fens
Flemborough Head
Isle of Man
(england)
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12
Q

what is superficial rock?

A

surface rock

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13
Q

what is bedrock?

A

the solid rock underlying superficial rock

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14
Q

what is weathering?

A

the breakdown of rocks in situ

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15
Q

what does in situ mean

A

stationary

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16
Q

process of chemical weathering?

A

acidic rain falls onto rock
acid slowly eats into rock and softens it
these cracks get deeper and deeper
the rock crumbles at surface

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17
Q

example of rock severely affected by chemical weathering?

A

limestone

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18
Q

process of freeze thaw weathering

A

water gets into a crack and freezes
as water turns to ice, it expands
it forces crack to widen
rock cracks

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19
Q

process of biological weathering

A

seed falls into rock
seeds starts to grow roots
roots force rock to widen and crack

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20
Q

process of onion skin weathering

A

when rock is hard, the outer layer expands
when rock gets cooler, it contracts
this constant movement causes outer layer to break off

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21
Q

how is a limestone pavement formed?

A

weak acidic rain reacts with limestone and breaks it away

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22
Q

what is a clint in a limestone pavement

A

a large block of rock

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23
Q

what is a gryke in a limestone pavement

A

the gaps between clint

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24
Q

what forms a scree slope

A

when loose debris settles at the bottom of a slope

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25
how does a soft bedrock influence the location?
slumped
26
what is slumping?
when rock and soil slide downhill in layers
27
what does saturated mean
when the soil is so wet it can't hold anymore soil
28
what does impermeable mean
rocks that don't allow water to pass through them
29
what does undercut mean?
the base of a cliff has been eroded so isn't supporting the land above
30
what is weathering?
the effect the weather has on the landscape
31
what is mass movement
movement of surface material caused by rockfalls or landslides
32
what is a rotational slip?
a landslide when the floor is curved
33
process of slumping
soft rock absorbs water it becomes saturated so cant hold anymore water acts as a lubricant between rock layers so they slip off
34
what is the load?
the material carried by a river
35
what is erosion?
the breakdown and movement of rock
36
what is hydraulic action?
when air forces into cracks by pounding waves forces them to break apart and collapse
37
what is attrition
when small rock fragments erode a surface
38
what us corrosion (abrasion)
when rock fragments wear away the river walls and bed
39
what is corrosion (solution)
when the chemicals in the water wear away the rock of the river bed
40
name four factors that affect the rate of erosion
gradient of river bed rock type bedload human factors
41
how does gradient affect the rate of erosion?
the steeper the river bed, the more energy the particles have so the faster they move
42
how does rock type affect rate of erosion?
weaker, softer rocks will erode faster
43
how does bedlam affect rate of erosion?
the more bedload, the faster the erosion
44
how do human factors affect rate of erosion?
changing the landscape will change the time taken for water to get to a river, changing the volume
45
what is traction
when large boulders roll along and erode river bed
46
why does the bedlam of a river decrease the closer it gets to the sea?
some of it will have been deposited already through meanders etc
47
what are the three processes of movement in the river
erosion - transportation - deposition
48
what is saltation?
when the bedlam is bounced along the river bed
49
what is suspension?
small particles are carried in the water
50
what is solution?
minerals are dissolved and carried in water
51
the 6 stages of a geographical enquiry
``` planning stage data collection data presentation data analysis conclusion evaluation ```
52
what is discharge of a river
the volume of water passing through the cross section of a stream in a set time
53
what is the occupied channel width?
the distance of the channel measured at the water surface
54
what is the channel depth?
the height from the water surface to river bed
55
what is the average velocity
the speed the river is travelling in m/s
56
what is the load quantity
the total mass carried by a river
57
what is the load particle size
the way in which the reload changes in size
58
what is the channel bed roughness
the resistance offered by the riverbed
59
what is the gradient?
the slope of the river channel
60
how does discharge change as you go downstream?
increases
61
how does occupied channel width change as you go downstream?
increases
62
how does channel depth change as you go downstream?
increases
63
how does velocity change as you go downstream?
increases
64
how does load quantity change as you go downstream?
increaess
65
how does particle size change as you go downstream?
decreases
66
how does channel bed roughness change as you go downstream?
decreases
67
how does gradient change as you go downstream?
decreases
68
how to measure channel width?
use a tape measure stretched across the water surface
69
how to measure channel depth
use a metre ruler or pole and measure at regular intervals
70
how to measure velocity
tie how long it takes a floating object to travel a set distance
71
how to measure load size
grab first pebbles touched | measure length and width in each location
72
limitations of measuring channel depth
strong current can affect result | debris in way
73
limitations of measuring velocity
must be visible at all times | people could interfere
74
limitations of measuring channel width
could dip under water
75
limitations of measuring particle size
different peoples opinions on what is small and big
76
where is the current of a river fastest?
on the outside of the bend
77
where does lateral erosion occur?
on the outside of a bend
78
where is river slowest?
inside of bend
79
where does deposition occur?
inside of bend
80
how does a meander turn into an oxbow lake?
erosion narrows neck | river takes path of least resistance
81
what are floodplains?
the area of land over which water spreads when a river floods
82
where are the larger pieces of rocks deposited when a river floods and why?
closer because they are heavier
83
what are the two components that floodplains are covered with?
alluvium and silt
84
what is the hard rock found at high force called?
whinstone
85
what is the waterfall we are studying called?
high force
86
what is the name of the town in a meander?
Yarm
87
what two features can we see at high force?
waterfall and gorge
88
how was high force formed?
the water flowed over the hard whinstone and off the edge hydraulic action eroded the softer rock beneath it the whinstone collapses and the waterfall retreats, forming a gorge
89
what is hard engineering?
putting in man made structures
90
what is soft engineering?
more natural structures
91
what does the size of a wave depend on? (3)
the strength of the wind length of time that the wind blows the distance that the wind has to cross
92
what is swash?
the water that runs up a beach
93
what is backwash
the water that recedes back down a beach
94
how is a cave formed?
the sea attacks a wave cut notch to make it bigger into a cave
95
how is an arch formed?
the cave is continually eroded until it cuts straight through the rock
96
how is a stack formed?
the roof of the arch is undercut until it collapses
97
how is a stump formed?
a stack is eroded further so it gets smaller
98
how is a headland formed?
the softer rock of the bays has been eroded so the more resistant rock of the headland sticks out
99
how are beaches formed?
by constructive waves depositing sediment
100
how is a bay formed?
the soft material is easily eroded so it retreats
101
what is a concordant coastline?
made of one type of rock
102
what is a discordant coastline?
made of multiple types of rock
103
how is a levee formed?
when a river floods, it deposits the heavier material net to the banks, forming levees
104
where are the glaciated areas of the UK?
``` grampian mountains north west highlands loch lomond lake district snowdonia ```
105
how are spits formed?
longshore drift by constructive waves
106
how does geology make a landscape distinctive?
the harder rock isn't easily eroded so leaves jagged peaks

Geography (30 decks)

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