3) Genetics Flashcards by William Odgers

What does mitosis result in?

Formation of 2 genetical identical daughter cells

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What is mitosis used in?

Asexual reproduction

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What does meiosis result in?

Formation of 4 genetically non-identical daughter cells

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What is meiosis used in?

Sexual reproduction

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What occurs in the process of meiosis?

1) Each pair of chromosomes replicate and the cells split in two
2) There are now 2 idential daughter cells, the diploid cell divides again
3) This creates 4 genetically different gametes that each have half the number of chromsomes of the parent cell

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What are cells that only have one copy of each chromsomes called?

Haploid cells

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What does divison of cells in reproductive organs produce?

Gametes with half the number of chromosomes found in all other body cells

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What are the features of asexual reproduction?

One parent
No gamete fusion
Offspring are clones
Cells divide by mitsosis

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What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Faster
No mate
Lots of identical offspring

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What are the features of sexual reproduction?

Two parents
Gamete fusion
Offspring are non-identical
Cells divide by meiosis

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Advanatges of sexual reproduction?

Artifical selection

Variation in offspring

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What organisms can produce both sexually and asexually?

Malaria parasite
Strawberry plants
Fungi

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What is the genome?

The entire genetic material of an organism

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Whatr are the levels of organisation in a genome?

DNA
Genes
Chromosomes

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What are chromsomes?

Long strands of coiled DNA
Chromsomes contain genes
23 pairs per human body cell

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What is a gene?

A small section of DNA

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What do genes do?

Code for a sequence of amino acids, combining to make a protein

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What do amino acids combine to make?

A protein

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What is DNA?

A double helix polymer made up of 2 strands

Twister ladder shape

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What is a polymer?

A large molecule made up of many subunits

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How is DNA extracted from fruit?

1) Grind a sample in soapy water (detergent), this breaks open cells releasing DNA
2) Filter the same to produce a filtrate
3) Slowly pour ice cod ethanol into the filtrate, DNA moves into ethanol by precipitation and can be removed with a wire loop

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How does DNA move into ice cold ethanol?

By precipitation

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When was the Human Genome Project completed?

2003

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What has the Human Genome project improved our understanding in?

Inherited diseases
Personalised medicine
Gene therapy
Gene Identification

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What is DNA made up of?

Polymer made up of two long strands of two units that repeat throughout the structure

What is each DNA polymer unit made up of?

A sugar A phosphate A base attached to the sugar

What holds together DNA molecules?

Weak hydrogen bonds between opposite pairs

What are the DNA base pairings?

T and A G and C Tigers Are Great Cats

What are the two long strands of units that repeat throughtout the DNA structure called?

Nucleotides

What forms the long DNA strands?

The sugar and phosphate

What is the process our body uses to make proteins?

Protein synthesis

What is each amino acid coded for?

A specific sequence of three bases | A codon

What is a codon?

The specific sequence of three bases that code an amino acid

What does the order of bases on the DNA tell us?

The order for combining amino acids to create particular proteins

How do we change the protein made by a gene?

By altering the sequence of bases in that gene

What does the order of amino acids change?

How a protein folds together which affects its structure and function

What stages occur during protein synthesis?

Transcription | Translation

Describe the process of transcription

1) Double stranded DNA is 'un-zipped' and one strand is used to template the DNA code in the form of mRNA 2) The enzymes RNA polymerase joins this mRNA template together 3) The mRNA template leaves the nucelus

What is does mRNA stand for?

Messenger RNA

Where does transcription occur?

The nucleus

What is mRNA?

A type of RNA

What is RNA similar to?

DNA but base A pairs with U instead of T

Describe the process of translation

1) The mRNA template is used to guide protein synthesis on ribosomes in the cytoplasm 2) Specific amino acids are delivered by tRNA to add to the forming protein chain (a polypeptide)

What is the forming protein chain in translation called?

A polypeptide

What does tRNA stand for?

Transfer RNA

Where does translation occur?

Ribosomes in the cytoplasm

What is a mutation?

A permament change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

What is variation?

The differences in characteristics of individuals

What can cause variation?

Genetics | Environment

What is all genetic variation the result of?

Mutations

What 2 things can mutations offer?

Desireable change | Survival advantage

What are the types of muation?

Non-coding DNA | Coding DNA

What is a non-coding mutation?

A mutation that doesn't affect proteins

What does a non-coding mutation affect?

The transcription process by switching on or off certain genes

What do non-coding mutations cause?

An increase or decrease in the amount of protein produced

What is a coding mutation?

A mutation that affects proteins

What is cystic fibrosis caused by?

A coding mutation in DNA

What did Mendel do?

Performed breeding experiments on pea plants

What did genes used be called by Mendel?

Units

What are alleles?

DIfferent formes of the same gene

When are dominant alleles expressed?

Always expressed regardless of the other allele

When are recessive alleles expressed?

Only expressed if the other allele is also recessive

What does genotype mean?

The combination of alleles and organism has

What does phenotype mean?

An observed characteristic of an individual

When is someone heterozygous?

When they have a dominant and recessive allele

How do we work out the outcome of a monohybrid cross?

Punett squares

What refers to the inheritance of traits determind by a single gene?

Monohybrid inheritance

What are the male sex chromosomes?

What are the female sex chromosomes?

What can human blood groups be split into?

A B AB O

How dominant are the blood groups?

A + B equal | O recessive

How do we know the blood group of someone?

Red blood cells have 'markers' on their cell membrane

What causes the O blood group?

I^O I^O

What is cystic fibrosis?

A disorder of cell membranes | Causes thick, sticky mucus to build-up in lungs and digestive system

What is an example of a dominant inherited disease?

Polydactyly

What is polydactyly?

Having extra fingers or toes

What are sex linked disorders?

A disorder caused by a faulty gene on the X or Y chromosome

When is a new species made?

When 2 populations have divereged to the point they cannot breed