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GCSE Biology > 1) Cell Structures & Processes > Flashcards

1) Cell Structures & Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cell?

A

The 2 types of cell are: Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Where are eukaryotic cells found?

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

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3
Q

What are protists?

A

Protists are single celled organisms that don’t fit into other categories

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4
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10 - 100 micrometres (μm)

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5
Q

Where are prokaryotic cells found?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

How big are prokaryotic cells?

A

0.5 - 5.0 micrometres (μm)

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7
Q

What are features of prokaryotic cells?

A

No mitochondira or chloroplasts
Single DNA loop in cytoplasm
Plasmids (small sings of DNA)

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8
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

The cell membrane separates the interior of the cell from the environment. It is selectively permeable

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It is the control centre of the cell, it contains chromosomes

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11
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesising proteins

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12
Q

What do mitchondria do?

A

Mitochondria produce energy, aerobic respiration releases energy in the mitochondria

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13
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid where most chemical reactions occur

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14
Q

What additional sub-cellular structures do plant cells have?

A

Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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15
Q

What does the permament vacuole do?

A

The permanent vacuole is a fluid-filled sac storing water, it is enclosed in a membrane and can make up 90% of a plant cell’s volume

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16
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Choroplasts contain chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

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17
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

The cell wall surrounds the cell and increases the structural strength of the cell

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18
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose makes up cell walls

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19
Q

What sub-cellular structures are found inside bacteria?

A 
Ribosomes
Flagella
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Plasmids
Cytoplasm
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20
Q

What is a flagella?

A

A flagella is a whip-like structure for bacteria’s movement

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21
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small rings of DNA

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22
Q

What does a sperm cell’s head contain?

A

The head contains the nucelus, carrying one half of an organism’s genetic material

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23
Q

What does a sperm cell’s middle section contain

A

Lots of mitchondria to provide energy to reach the egg

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24
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

Found at the tip of a sperm cell’s head an acrosome contains a digestive enzyme needed to penetrate an egg cell

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25
What does a fertilised egg cell become?
A zygote
26
How is an egg's membrane adapted?
It changes structure once the egg is fertilised so no more sperm can enter
27
How much genetic information does a haploid nucleus contain?
A haploid nucleus contains half of the genetic material needed for a new zygote (23 chromosomes)
28
What is an egg cell packed with?
Lots of cytoplasms which is packed with nutrients for the zygote to grow
29
What do cilliated epithelia cells do?
Waft mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed
30
What are features of cilliated epithelial cells?
Cilia- hair like structures which can move in unison | Mitochondria- moving cilia needs energy from respiration
31
What is resolution?
The ability to distinguish between two or more objects close together
32
What does magnification tell us?
How many times larger and image seen through a microscope is compared to the real object
33
How big is a millimetre in standard form?
1 millimetre = 1x10^-3 m
34
How big is a micrometre in standard form?
1 micrometre = 1x10^-6 m
35
How big is a nanometre in standard form?
1 nanometre = 1x10^-9 m
36
What did the light microscope discover?
Bacteria
37
What did electron miscopes discover?
Sub-cellular structures | How structures function
38
How is a light microscope experiment conducted?
1) Thin tissue sample on microscope slide 2) Add drops of suitable dye 3) Place coverslip over and slide on microscope stage 4) Use objective lens with lowest magnification to focus 5) Increase magnification and refocus to see different cell features
39
How do you multiply in standard form?
Multiply the leading numbers Add the powers Change to correct format
40
How big is a kilometre in standard form?
1 kilometre = 1x10^3 m
41
How big is a centimetre in standard form?
1 centimetre = 1x10^-2 m
42
How big is a picometre in standard form?
1 picometre = 1x10^-12 m
43
Rank the units for size
``` Kilometre (km) Metre (m) Centimetre (cm) Millimetre (mm) Micrometre (μm) Nanometre (nm) Picometre (pm) ```
44
What bind's to an enzyme's active site?
The reacting chemical (substrate)
45
How many enzymes are there for every substrate?
Usually one
46
What do enzymes do?
Catalyse reactions in the body
47
How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme action?
Increasing temperature initally increases rate, after enzyme's optimum temperature rate decreases
48
When does a denatured enzyme mean?
The active site has changed shape (loses it catalytic ability) due to high temperatures or pH
49
How does pH affect the rate of enzymes action?
Each enzyme has an optimum pH and moving away from it deceases rate. Too high or low pH causes the enzyme to denature
50
How does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzymes action?
Increasing substrate concentration increases rate until a point where it plateaus
51
How is reaction rate calculated?
reaction rate = change in mass / change in time
52
How do we measure the effect of pH on amylase?
1) Add amylase to starch solution 2) Every 30 seconds take a drop of the mixture and add a drop of iodine solution 3) Record the total time taken for iodine to stop turning blue
53
How do we find amylase's optimal pH?
Repeat the starch experiment using different pH starch solutions, shorter the time taken for iodine to stop changing colour, closer to optimum pH
54
What enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase breaks down starch
55
Where are digestive enzymes produced?
Glands and the lining of the gut
56
What are digestive enzymes used to do?
Breakdown large food molecules by catalysing insoluble food molecules into soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream
57
What are the main digestive enzymes?
Amylase Protease Lipase
58
What does amylase break starch into?
Maltose | Amylase: Starch --> maltose (+other sugars)
59
Where are amylase action sites?
Small intestine | Mouth
60
Where is amylase produced?
Small intestine Pancreas Salivary Glands
61
What does protease break proteins into?
Amino acids | Protease: Protein --> amino acids
62
Where are protease action sites?
Small intestine Stomach
63
Where is protease produced?
Small intestine Stomach Pancreas
64
What does lipase break lipids into?
Glycerol and Fatty acids | Lipase: Lipids --> Glycerol + Fatty acids
65
Where is lipase produced?
Small intestine | Pancreas
66
What is the test for proteins?
Biuret solution | Purple if proteins present
67
What is the test for starch?
Iodine solution | Blue-black if starch present
68
What is the test for sugar?
Benedict's reagent and heat for 2 minutes | Green, yellow, or red if sugar present
69
What is the test for calory content in foods?
Burn a known mass of food under a boiling tube filled with a known volume of water, calculate chaneg in water temperature
70
What is the test for lipids?
Ethanol + water and shake | White emulsion if lipids present
71
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
72
What particles are moved by diffusion?
Gases | Liquids
73
What factors affect diffusion?
Membrane surface area Concentration gradient Temperatur
74
How does temperature affect rate of diffusion?
Higher temperature = faster rate of diffusion
75
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane
76
What is a partially permeable membrane?
Allows water through but not large molecules dissolved in water
77
How is osmosis investigated?
Cut discs in potato and measure mass Put discs in different concentrations of sugar or salt solution After 30 mins, measure mass of each disc
78
How is percentage change is mass calculated?
(Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass x 100 = percentage change
79
What is an independent variable?
A variable you can control
80
What is a dependent variable?
Measured as an outcome of the experiment
81
What is active transport?
The net movement of particles against the concentration gradient
82
What is required for active transport?
Energy
83
What is active transport used for in plants?
Mineral absorbtion in root hair cells
84
What is active transport used for in the gut?
Allows sugar molecules to be absorbed into the blood

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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