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GCSE Biology > 1) Cell Structures & Processes > Flashcards

1) Cell Structures & Processes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the types of cell?

A

The 2 types of cell are: Eukaryotic cells

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

Where are eukaryotic cells found?

A

Plants
Animals
Fungi
Protists

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3
Q

What are protists?

A

Protists are single celled organisms that don’t fit into other categories

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4
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10 - 100 micrometres (μm)

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5
Q

Where are prokaryotic cells found?

A

Bacteria

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6
Q

How big are prokaryotic cells?

A

0.5 - 5.0 micrometres (μm)

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7
Q

What are features of prokaryotic cells?

A

No mitochondira or chloroplasts
Single DNA loop in cytoplasm
Plasmids (small sings of DNA)

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8
Q

What do animal cells contain?

A 
Cell membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
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9
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

The cell membrane separates the interior of the cell from the environment. It is selectively permeable

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

It is the control centre of the cell, it contains chromosomes

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11
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Ribosomes are responsible for synthesising proteins

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12
Q

What do mitchondria do?

A

Mitochondria produce energy, aerobic respiration releases energy in the mitochondria

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13
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A

The cytoplasm is a jelly-like fluid where most chemical reactions occur

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14
Q

What additional sub-cellular structures do plant cells have?

A

Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts
Cell wall

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15
Q

What does the permament vacuole do?

A

The permanent vacuole is a fluid-filled sac storing water, it is enclosed in a membrane and can make up 90% of a plant cell’s volume

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16
Q

What do chloroplasts do?

A

Choroplasts contain chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis

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17
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A

The cell wall surrounds the cell and increases the structural strength of the cell

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18
Q

What is the cell wall made of?

A

Cellulose makes up cell walls

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19
Q

What sub-cellular structures are found inside bacteria?

A 
Ribosomes
Flagella
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Plasmids
Cytoplasm
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20
Q

What is a flagella?

A

A flagella is a whip-like structure for bacteria’s movement

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21
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Plasmids are small rings of DNA

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22
Q

What does a sperm cell’s head contain?

A

The head contains the nucelus, carrying one half of an organism’s genetic material

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23
Q

What does a sperm cell’s middle section contain

A

Lots of mitchondria to provide energy to reach the egg

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24
Q

What is an acrosome?

A

Found at the tip of a sperm cell’s head an acrosome contains a digestive enzyme needed to penetrate an egg cell

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25
Q

What does a fertilised egg cell become?

A

A zygote

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26
Q

How is an egg’s membrane adapted?

A

It changes structure once the egg is fertilised so no more sperm can enter

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27
Q

How much genetic information does a haploid nucleus contain?

A

A haploid nucleus contains half of the genetic material needed for a new zygote (23 chromosomes)

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28
Q

What is an egg cell packed with?

A

Lots of cytoplasms which is packed with nutrients for the zygote to grow

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29
Q

What do cilliated epithelia cells do?

A

Waft mucus to the back of the throat to be swallowed

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30
Q

What are features of cilliated epithelial cells?

A

Cilia- hair like structures which can move in unison

Mitochondria- moving cilia needs energy from respiration

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31
Q

What is resolution?

A

The ability to distinguish between two or more objects close together

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32
Q

What does magnification tell us?

A

How many times larger and image seen through a microscope is compared to the real object

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33
Q

How big is a millimetre in standard form?

A

1 millimetre = 1x10^-3 m

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34
Q

How big is a micrometre in standard form?

A

1 micrometre = 1x10^-6 m

35
Q

How big is a nanometre in standard form?

A

1 nanometre = 1x10^-9 m

36
Q

What did the light microscope discover?

A

Bacteria

37
Q

What did electron miscopes discover?

A

Sub-cellular structures

How structures function

38
Q

How is a light microscope experiment conducted?

A

1) Thin tissue sample on microscope slide
2) Add drops of suitable dye
3) Place coverslip over and slide on microscope stage
4) Use objective lens with lowest magnification to focus
5) Increase magnification and refocus to see different cell features

39
Q

How do you multiply in standard form?

A

Multiply the leading numbers
Add the powers
Change to correct format

40
Q

How big is a kilometre in standard form?

A

1 kilometre = 1x10^3 m

41
Q

How big is a centimetre in standard form?

A

1 centimetre = 1x10^-2 m

42
Q

How big is a picometre in standard form?

A

1 picometre = 1x10^-12 m

43
Q

Rank the units for size

A 
Kilometre (km)
Metre (m)
Centimetre (cm)
Millimetre (mm)
Micrometre (μm)
Nanometre (nm)
Picometre (pm)
44
Q

What bind’s to an enzyme’s active site?

A

The reacting chemical (substrate)

45
Q

How many enzymes are there for every substrate?

A

Usually one

46
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Catalyse reactions in the body

47
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of enzyme action?

A

Increasing temperature initally increases rate, after enzyme’s optimum temperature rate decreases

48
Q

When does a denatured enzyme mean?

A

The active site has changed shape (loses it catalytic ability) due to high temperatures or pH

49
Q

How does pH affect the rate of enzymes action?

A

Each enzyme has an optimum pH and moving away from it deceases rate. Too high or low pH causes the enzyme to denature

50
Q

How does substrate concentration affect the rate of enzymes action?

A

Increasing substrate concentration increases rate until a point where it plateaus

51
Q

How is reaction rate calculated?

A

reaction rate = change in mass / change in time

52
Q

How do we measure the effect of pH on amylase?

A

1) Add amylase to starch solution
2) Every 30 seconds take a drop of the mixture and add a drop of iodine solution
3) Record the total time taken for iodine to stop turning blue

53
Q

How do we find amylase’s optimal pH?

A

Repeat the starch experiment using different pH starch solutions, shorter the time taken for iodine to stop changing colour, closer to optimum pH

54
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch?

A

Amylase breaks down starch

55
Q

Where are digestive enzymes produced?

A

Glands and the lining of the gut

56
Q

What are digestive enzymes used to do?

A

Breakdown large food molecules by catalysing insoluble food molecules into soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream

57
Q

What are the main digestive enzymes?

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

58
Q

What does amylase break starch into?

A

Maltose

Amylase: Starch –> maltose (+other sugars)

59
Q

Where are amylase action sites?

A

Small intestine

Mouth

60
Q

Where is amylase produced?

A

Small intestine
Pancreas
Salivary Glands

61
Q

What does protease break proteins into?

A

Amino acids

Protease: Protein –> amino acids

62
Q

Where are protease action sites?

A

Small intestine
Stomach

63
Q

Where is protease produced?

A

Small intestine
Stomach
Pancreas

64
Q

What does lipase break lipids into?

A

Glycerol and Fatty acids

Lipase: Lipids –> Glycerol + Fatty acids

65
Q

Where is lipase produced?

A

Small intestine

Pancreas

66
Q

What is the test for proteins?

A

Biuret solution

Purple if proteins present

67
Q

What is the test for starch?

A

Iodine solution

Blue-black if starch present

68
Q

What is the test for sugar?

A

Benedict’s reagent and heat for 2 minutes

Green, yellow, or red if sugar present

69
Q

What is the test for calory content in foods?

A

Burn a known mass of food under a boiling tube filled with a known volume of water, calculate chaneg in water temperature

70
Q

What is the test for lipids?

A

Ethanol + water and shake

White emulsion if lipids present

71
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

72
Q

What particles are moved by diffusion?

A

Gases

Liquids

73
Q

What factors affect diffusion?

A

Membrane surface area
Concentration gradient
Temperatur

74
Q

How does temperature affect rate of diffusion?

A

Higher temperature = faster rate of diffusion

75
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a partially permeable membrane

76
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

Allows water through but not large molecules dissolved in water

77
Q

How is osmosis investigated?

A

Cut discs in potato and measure mass
Put discs in different concentrations of sugar or salt solution
After 30 mins, measure mass of each disc

78
Q

How is percentage change is mass calculated?

A

(Final mass - initial mass) / initial mass x 100 = percentage change

79
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

A variable you can control

80
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

Measured as an outcome of the experiment

81
Q

What is active transport?

A

The net movement of particles against the concentration gradient

82
Q

What is required for active transport?

A

Energy

83
Q

What is active transport used for in plants?

A

Mineral absorbtion in root hair cells

84
Q

What is active transport used for in the gut?

A

Allows sugar molecules to be absorbed into the blood

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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