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GCSE Biology > 4) Natural Selection & Genetic Modification > Flashcards

4) Natural Selection & Genetic Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What does the theory of natural selection propose?

A

All species have evolved from simple life forms

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2
Q

What is involved in the process of natural selection?

A

Genetic variation
Survival of the fittest
Successful breeding
Best characteristics survive

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3
Q

What factors contributed to the slow acceptance of natural selection?

A

Religion
Inconclusive evidence
Genes yet to be discovered

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4
Q

What did genes not being discovered mean?

A

Darwin was unable to suggest why characteristics were passed down

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5
Q

What did both Wallace and Darwin have?

A

Island research
Joint writings
Competition

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6
Q

When did Wallace and Darwin produce joint writings?

A

1858

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7
Q

What is evolution defined as?

A

The gradual change of inherited characteristics of biological populations over time

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8
Q

What is evolution usually driven by?

A

Natural selection

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9
Q

What evidence is there for evolution?

A

Antiobiotic resistant bacteria

Fossils

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10
Q

How do doctors reduce new resistant strains of bacteria?

A

Avoid prescribing antibiotics unncessarily
Patitnets finish a course of antibiotics so all bacteria is killed
Antiobiotics in agriculture should be restricted

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11
Q

How do resistant strains of bacteria spread?

A

Mutated pathogens are resistant to antibiotics and will survive and reproduce creating bacteria which is also resistant

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12
Q

How many digits do animals with pentadactyl limbs have per limb?

A

5 digits

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13
Q

What are the 3 ways of forming fossils?

A

Preservation when decay is not possible
Mineral replacement
Hardening soft materials

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14
Q

How do hardening soft materials create fossils?

A

Hardening of soft materials can produce casts or impressions

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15
Q

How does mineral replacement create fossils?

A

Hard parts of organsisms are gradually replaced by minerals as they decay slowly creating a rock liek substance

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16
Q

Why is the fossil record incomplete?

A

Lots of early life forms were soft bodied

Geological activity has destroyed traces of ancient life

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17
Q

What are the oldest fossilised human remains?

A

Ardi (4.4 million years ago)

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18
Q

When was Lucy found?

A

3.2 million years ago

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19
Q

When was Leakey found?

A

1.6 million years ago

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20
Q

What do tools tell us about how evolved humans were?

A

More compex tools = more developed brain

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21
Q

What does carbon dating tell us?

A

When a rock was originally formed

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22
Q

How do you determind when a stone tool was in use?

A

Determine how deeply it was buried
Use known dates of other items at that level
Compare the design to other stone tools already dated

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23
Q

What were the 7 groups in the Traditional classification system?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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24
Q

What does the 3 domain system classify organisms by?

A

Chemical analysis

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25
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukaryota

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26
Q

Who proposed the 3 domain system?

A

Carl Woese

27
Q

What did Linnaeus categorise organisms by?

A

Their structure and characteristics

28
Q

What is the genus of Canis lupus?

A

Canis

29
Q

What are archaea?

A

Primitive bacteria

30
Q

What are eukaryota?

A

Organisms that possess complex subcellular structures

31
Q

How do scientists show how they believe organisms are related?

A

Evolutionary trees

32
Q

What does DNA sequencing tell us?

A

How closely related different species are

33
Q

What defines a species?

A

Individuals that breed ogether to produce fertile offspring

34
Q

What is speciation?

A

How a new kind of plant or animal species is created

35
Q

What are the types of selection?

A

Stabilising
Directional
Artificial

36
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Natural selection that favours an extreme phenotype

37
Q

What is stabilising selection?

A

Natural selection that favours the average phenotype

38
Q

When does selective breeding happen?

A

When humans choose animals and crops to breed based on their genetic characteristics

39
Q

What are the processes of selective breeding?

A

1) Breed parents with desired characteristics
2) From offspring choose offspring which display desired characteristic
3) Breed chosen offspring

40
Q

What type of selection is natural breeding?

A

Artificial selection

41
Q

What are dangers of selective breeding?

A

Reduced variation

Inbreeding

42
Q

What are inbred animals more susceptible to?

A

Disease

Inherited defects

43
Q

What agricutural term is used to describe food production productivity?

A

Yield

44
Q

What does tissue culture do?

A

Grow genetically identical cells in a lab under sterile conditions

45
Q

What are the stages of tissue culture?

A

1) Tissue sample taken from plant
2) Cells sterilised
3) Sample treated with hormones to trigger cell division and grown on an agar plate
4) Callus (ball of cells) forms and more hormones are added to cause roots and stems to grow
5) Plants can be planted in soil

46
Q

What are uses of tissue culture?

A

Medicine

Plants

47
Q

How is tissue culture used in mediicne?

A

Study cell processes and drug effectiveness
Study viruses that cannot live outside cells
Grow artificial tissue for transplants

48
Q

How is tissue culture used with plants?

A

We can produce lots of genetically identical plants quickly
Any time of the year in a lab
Increase population of rare species

49
Q

What does genetic engineering involve?

A

Modifying an organism’s genome by introducing a gene from another organism to produce the desired characteristic

50
Q

What can a lack of vitamin A lead to?

A

Blindness

51
Q

What are examples of genetic engineering?

A

Vitamin A rice

Insulin-producing gene

52
Q

What are the stages of genetic engineering?

A

1) Restriction enzymes ‘cut’ a desired gene out of a chromosome
2) Restrction enzyme cuts a vector, both target gene and vector have exposed ‘sticky ends’
3) Ligase enzyme joins sticky ends so vector carries target genes. Marker gene added to vector to make it easy to check if vector has taken up target gene
4) Gene is delivered into cells by vector before they have differeniated and all cells in developed organism will have the same gene

53
Q

What enzyme is used to join sticky ends?

A

Ligase

54
Q

What is the name of the sections of single-stranded DNA produced when restriction enzymes cut DNA?

A

Sticky ends

55
Q

What are uses of genetic engineering?

A

Transferring genes into bacteria
BT insect resistance
Transferring genes into animals
Transferring genes into plants

56
Q

What does GM stand for?

A

Genetically modified

57
Q

What are GM crops engineered to have?

A

Resistance to diseases, insects, or herbicides

Production of larger fruit

58
Q

What is BT insect resistance used to do?

A

Crops kill insects without the need for insecticides are BT is toxic to many insects

59
Q

What are advantages of genetic engineering?

A

Preventing inherited diseases

Improving food production quality

60
Q

What are advantages of GM crops?

A

Increased yields

Provide more nutrients

61
Q

What does golden rice help to treat?

A

Vitamin A deficiency

62
Q

What are concerns of genetic engineering?

A

Uncertain long term effects

Some consider it unethical

63
Q

What are disadvantages of GM crops?

A

Reduced biodiversity
May be long term effects on human health
If transplanted genes escape, ‘superweed’ could be created

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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