4) Natural Selection & Genetic Modification Flashcards by William Odgers

What does the theory of natural selection propose?

All species have evolved from simple life forms

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What is involved in the process of natural selection?

Genetic variation
Survival of the fittest
Successful breeding
Best characteristics survive

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What factors contributed to the slow acceptance of natural selection?

Religion
Inconclusive evidence
Genes yet to be discovered

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What did genes not being discovered mean?

Darwin was unable to suggest why characteristics were passed down

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What did both Wallace and Darwin have?

Island research
Joint writings
Competition

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When did Wallace and Darwin produce joint writings?

1858

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What is evolution defined as?

The gradual change of inherited characteristics of biological populations over time

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What is evolution usually driven by?

Natural selection

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What evidence is there for evolution?

Antiobiotic resistant bacteria

Fossils

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How do doctors reduce new resistant strains of bacteria?

Avoid prescribing antibiotics unncessarily
Patitnets finish a course of antibiotics so all bacteria is killed
Antiobiotics in agriculture should be restricted

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How do resistant strains of bacteria spread?

Mutated pathogens are resistant to antibiotics and will survive and reproduce creating bacteria which is also resistant

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How many digits do animals with pentadactyl limbs have per limb?

5 digits

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What are the 3 ways of forming fossils?

Preservation when decay is not possible
Mineral replacement
Hardening soft materials

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How do hardening soft materials create fossils?

Hardening of soft materials can produce casts or impressions

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How does mineral replacement create fossils?

Hard parts of organsisms are gradually replaced by minerals as they decay slowly creating a rock liek substance

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Why is the fossil record incomplete?

Lots of early life forms were soft bodied

Geological activity has destroyed traces of ancient life

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What are the oldest fossilised human remains?

Ardi (4.4 million years ago)

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When was Lucy found?

3.2 million years ago

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When was Leakey found?

1.6 million years ago

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What do tools tell us about how evolved humans were?

More compex tools = more developed brain

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What does carbon dating tell us?

When a rock was originally formed

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How do you determind when a stone tool was in use?

Determine how deeply it was buried
Use known dates of other items at that level
Compare the design to other stone tools already dated

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What were the 7 groups in the Traditional classification system?

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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What does the 3 domain system classify organisms by?

Chemical analysis

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What are the 3 domains?

Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota

Who proposed the 3 domain system?

Carl Woese

What did Linnaeus categorise organisms by?

Their structure and characteristics

What is the genus of Canis lupus?

Canis

What are archaea?

Primitive bacteria

What are eukaryota?

Organisms that possess complex subcellular structures

How do scientists show how they believe organisms are related?

Evolutionary trees

What does DNA sequencing tell us?

How closely related different species are

What defines a species?

Individuals that breed ogether to produce fertile offspring

What is speciation?

How a new kind of plant or animal species is created

What are the types of selection?

Stabilising Directional Artificial

What is directional selection?

Natural selection that favours an extreme phenotype

What is stabilising selection?

Natural selection that favours the average phenotype

When does selective breeding happen?

When humans choose animals and crops to breed based on their genetic characteristics

What are the processes of selective breeding?

1) Breed parents with desired characteristics 2) From offspring choose offspring which display desired characteristic 3) Breed chosen offspring

What type of selection is natural breeding?

Artificial selection

What are dangers of selective breeding?

Reduced variation | Inbreeding

What are inbred animals more susceptible to?

Disease | Inherited defects

What agricutural term is used to describe food production productivity?

Yield

What does tissue culture do?

Grow genetically identical cells in a lab under sterile conditions

What are the stages of tissue culture?

1) Tissue sample taken from plant 2) Cells sterilised 3) Sample treated with hormones to trigger cell division and grown on an agar plate 4) Callus (ball of cells) forms and more hormones are added to cause roots and stems to grow 5) Plants can be planted in soil

What are uses of tissue culture?

Medicine | Plants

How is tissue culture used in mediicne?

Study cell processes and drug effectiveness Study viruses that cannot live outside cells Grow artificial tissue for transplants

How is tissue culture used with plants?

We can produce lots of genetically identical plants quickly Any time of the year in a lab Increase population of rare species

What does genetic engineering involve?

Modifying an organism's genome by introducing a gene from another organism to produce the desired characteristic

What can a lack of vitamin A lead to?

Blindness

What are examples of genetic engineering?

Vitamin A rice | Insulin-producing gene

What are the stages of genetic engineering?

1) Restriction enzymes 'cut' a desired gene out of a chromosome 2) Restrction enzyme cuts a vector, both target gene and vector have exposed 'sticky ends' 3) Ligase enzyme joins sticky ends so vector carries target genes. Marker gene added to vector to make it easy to check if vector has taken up target gene 4) Gene is delivered into cells by vector before they have differeniated and all cells in developed organism will have the same gene

What enzyme is used to join sticky ends?

Ligase

What is the name of the sections of single-stranded DNA produced when restriction enzymes cut DNA?

Sticky ends

What are uses of genetic engineering?

Transferring genes into bacteria BT insect resistance Transferring genes into animals Transferring genes into plants

What does GM stand for?

Genetically modified

What are GM crops engineered to have?

Resistance to diseases, insects, or herbicides | Production of larger fruit

What is BT insect resistance used to do?

Crops kill insects without the need for insecticides are BT is toxic to many insects

What are advantages of genetic engineering?

Preventing inherited diseases | Improving food production quality

What are advantages of GM crops?

Increased yields | Provide more nutrients

What does golden rice help to treat?

Vitamin A deficiency

What are concerns of genetic engineering?

Uncertain long term effects | Some consider it unethical

What are disadvantages of GM crops?

Reduced biodiversity May be long term effects on human health If transplanted genes escape, 'superweed' could be created

4) Natural Selection & Genetic Modification Flashcards

(63 cards)