5) Health & Disease Flashcards by William Odgers

What are the 2 types of disease?

Communicable

Non-communicable

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What are viruses?

Tiny particles that reproduce
Invade host cells
burst cells

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What are bacterium?

Small cells that can produce toxins

Toxins damage cells and tissue

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What are fungi?

Single-celled hyphae bodied organisms

Hypahe grow and penetrate tiisues

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What can hyphae do?

Produce spores that spread to other plants or animals

Penetrate tissues

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What are protists?

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Many are parasites
Often need a vector

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What causes infections?

When a forein pathogen invades an organism

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What ways can diseases spread?

Air
Water
Vectors
Bodily fluids
Orally
Sex

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What are acellular organisms?

Organisms that don’t contain cells

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What are examples of viruses?

Ebola
HIV
Measles

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What are the types of virus pathway?

Lysogenic

Lytic

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What is the lysogenic pathway?

Viruses infect host cells but stay dormant

Cell makes lots of copies by mitosis

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What is the lytic pathway?

Virus infects gost cell, replicates then splits the cell open
Releases more virus pathogens into the environment around the host cell

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What is it called when viruses split cells open?

Cell lysis

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What are examples of bacteria?

Tuberculosis
Cholera
Stomach ulcres

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What are examples of fungi?

Chalara ash dieback disease

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What are examples of protists?

Malaria

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What are the ideal conditions for bacteria to reproduce?

Warm
Moist
Good oxygen supply

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How can we prevent the spread of diseases?

Isolation
Vector protection
Identifying infection
Hygiene
Vaccination

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How do vaccinations give immunity?

1) Dead of inactive form of pathogen injected
2) White blood cells recognise foreign antigens and produce antibodies
3) Some white blood cells remain as memory cells
4) If pathogen invades again memory cells produce antibodies quicker
5) Pathogen is destroyed by immune system

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What does a plant nitrate deficiency cause?

Stunted growth

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What do plants use nitrate for?

Production and synthesis of proteins

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What does a plant magnesium deficieny cause?

Yellow leaves
Chlorosis
Lack of oxygen

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What do plants use magnesium for?

Production of chlorophyll

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What does sap store?

Sugars Salts Amino acids

What are the 3 plant defenses?

Mechanical Physical Chemical

What are examples of plant mechanical defenses?

Thorns or hairs | Mimicry

What are examples of plant physical defenses?

Bark Waxy cuticle Cell walls

What are examples of plant chemical defenses?

Producing antibacterial chemicals | Producing poisons

What are antigens?

Substances found on the surface of foreign cells

What are antibodies?

Proteins produced by a type of white blood cell called lymphcytes

What are signs of plant disease?

``` Malformed stems or leaves Growths Pests Decay Discolouration Stunted growth Leaf spots ```

What are the ways of identifying plant disease?

``` Microscopy Distribution analysis Field identification Laboratory tests Environmental causes ```

What does distrubtion analysis provide?

How a disease spreads

What are examples of human non-sepcific defenses?

Stomach acid Mucus Tears Skin

What are examples of human chyemical defenses?

Stomach acid | Tears

What are examples of human physical defenses?

Mucus | Skin

Why are tears a chemical defense?

They contain enzymes called lysoenzymes that destroy pathogens

What enzymes do tears contain?

Lysoenzymes

What are the different functions of white blood cells?

Phagocytosis Antibodies Antitoxins

What is phagocytosis?

When white blood cells engulf and ingest pathogens

What do white blood cells produce when they recognise foreign antigens?

Antibodies

What are antigens?

Proteins on the surface of cells

What shape do antibodies have to antigens?

A complimentary shape

What does the antibody complimentary shape cause?

Microorgansim clusters which allow other white blood cells to ingest pathogens

What do antitoxins do?

Neutralise toxins released by bacteria

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

Clones of cells

What do monoclonal antibodies target?

Specific chemicals or cells

What is the process for producing antibodies?

1) Mouse injected with antigen 2) Immune system produces lympochytes that produce particular antibody 3) Lymphocytes extracted from mouse and fused with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells 4) Myeloma cells grow rapidly and identical cells produced with identical antibody 5) Monoclonal antibodies collected, purified and can be used to target specific cells and chemicals

What are myeloma cells?

Tumour cells

What are lympochytes fused with?

Myeloma cells

What do fused myeloma cells and lymphocytes form?

Hybridoma cells

What are uses of monoclonal antibodiies?

Pregnancy tests Diagnoising and treating diseases Identifying chemicals in blood

What are side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

Fevers Low blood pressure Vomiting

What hormone do pregnant women produce?

HCG

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG antigens and shows women is pregnant

How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosing and detecting diseases?

Monoclonal antibodies bind and locate target cells in body | We can attach drugs to monoclonal antibodies which delivers them to tumours

How are monoclonal antibodies used to identify chemicals in the blood?

Dye can be bound which highlights areas in the body with target cell

How do many antibiotics work to stop bacteria?

They destroy the cell wall so bacteria cannot replicate

Why don't antibiotics destroy viruses?

Viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells

What is herd immunity?

When a large proportion of the population is immunised

How can microorganisms be grown?

In a nutrient broth | On an agar gel plate

What can cultures of microorganisms be used to invesigate the effects of?

Antibiotics | Disinfectants

What does aseptic mean?

Free from contamination

What are aseptic technique examples?

Boiling Lids Flames Tempertaure

What must be passed through flames for sterilisation?

Inoculation loops

What are incoluation loops?

Tools used to transfer bacteria

How can the future population of bacteria be estimated?

Multiply current population by 2 for every time it takes the bacteria to survive

How are most drugs made these days?

By chemists

Where where most drugs extracted form in the past?

Plants | Microorganisms

What do painkillers do?

Relieve symptoms | Do not kill pathogens

What do antiviral drugs do?

Treat viral infections

What do antiseptics do?

Prevent infection from pathogens rather than cure

Why do scientists always trial new antibiotics?

New strains of resistant bacteria are always developing

What 3 main criteria are drugs tested on?

Toxicity Dose Efficacy

What are the 2 stages of drug testing in labs?

Preclinal testing | Clinical testing

What is preclincal testing?

Early-stage testing on cells and tissues grown in the lab and live animals

What is clincal testing?

Testing drugs on healthy volunteers to check they are safe

What are double-blind trials?

Doctor and patients do not know who has the placebo or drug

What term is used to describe whether a drug works or not?

Efficacy

What do risk factors of disease mean?

Factors that increase the probability of developing a disease

What are the risk factor categories of disase?

Lifestyle | Substances

What can smoking during pregnancy cause?

Low baby birth weight | Baby brain damage

How do scientists see how risk factors affect disease?

Risk factor graphs

What 3 lifestyle factors increase cancer risk?

Smoking Obesity UV exposure

What are the 2 calculations for obesity and malnutrition?

Waist : hip ratio | Body Mass Index (BMI)

What is the equation for BMI?

weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

What is a healthy BMI range?

18.5 - 30

What is a healthy waist : hip ratio range?

Below 1 for men | Below 0.85 for women

What is coronary heart disease?

When coronary arteries become narrow due a build up of fatty deposists

What are benefits of artificial hearts?

Unlikely to be rejected | Immunosuppressants unnecessary

What are drawbacks of artifical hearts?

Long and expensive hospital stays | Can cause blood clotting which leads to strokes

What are 2 common treatments for coronary heart disease?

Statins | Stents

How are stents used?

Inserted to keep coronary arteries open | Drugs must be taken to prevent blood clotting

What are statins?

Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol levels which decreases the rate of fat build up

When do stents begin to narrow again?

When scar tissue builds up

What are advantages of statins?

Cheap | No surgery

What are disadvantages of statins?

Side effects | Patient has to remmber to take them

What are pros and cons of mechanical devices for treating heart disease?

Used when an organ donor is unavailable | Requires a power supply and may wear out and need replacing

What are advantages of transplants?

Transplated organs will function a normal

What are disadvantages of transplants?

Requires a suitable donor | Immunosuppressants increase risk of other diseases

What is therapeutic cloning?

A stem cell treatments that produces an embryo with the same genes as the parents

5) Health & Disease Flashcards

(102 cards)