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GCSE Biology > 5) Health & Disease > Flashcards

5) Health & Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of disease?

A

Communicable

Non-communicable

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2
Q

What are viruses?

A

Tiny particles that reproduce
Invade host cells
burst cells

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3
Q

What are bacterium?

A

Small cells that can produce toxins

Toxins damage cells and tissue

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4
Q

What are fungi?

A

Single-celled hyphae bodied organisms

Hypahe grow and penetrate tiisues

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5
Q

What can hyphae do?

A

Produce spores that spread to other plants or animals

Penetrate tissues

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6
Q

What are protists?

A

Single-celled eukaryotic organisms
Many are parasites
Often need a vector

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7
Q

What causes infections?

A

When a forein pathogen invades an organism

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8
Q

What ways can diseases spread?

A 
Air
Water
Vectors
Bodily fluids
Orally
Sex
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9
Q

What are acellular organisms?

A

Organisms that don’t contain cells

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10
Q

What are examples of viruses?

A

Ebola
HIV
Measles

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11
Q

What are the types of virus pathway?

A

Lysogenic

Lytic

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12
Q

What is the lysogenic pathway?

A

Viruses infect host cells but stay dormant

Cell makes lots of copies by mitosis

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13
Q

What is the lytic pathway?

A

Virus infects gost cell, replicates then splits the cell open
Releases more virus pathogens into the environment around the host cell

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14
Q

What is it called when viruses split cells open?

A

Cell lysis

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15
Q

What are examples of bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis
Cholera
Stomach ulcres

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16
Q

What are examples of fungi?

A

Chalara ash dieback disease

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17
Q

What are examples of protists?

A

Malaria

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18
Q

What are the ideal conditions for bacteria to reproduce?

A

Warm
Moist
Good oxygen supply

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19
Q

How can we prevent the spread of diseases?

A 
Isolation
Vector protection
Identifying infection
Hygiene
Vaccination
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20
Q

How do vaccinations give immunity?

A

1) Dead of inactive form of pathogen injected
2) White blood cells recognise foreign antigens and produce antibodies
3) Some white blood cells remain as memory cells
4) If pathogen invades again memory cells produce antibodies quicker
5) Pathogen is destroyed by immune system

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21
Q

What does a plant nitrate deficiency cause?

A

Stunted growth

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22
Q

What do plants use nitrate for?

A

Production and synthesis of proteins

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23
Q

What does a plant magnesium deficieny cause?

A

Yellow leaves
Chlorosis
Lack of oxygen

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24
Q

What do plants use magnesium for?

A

Production of chlorophyll

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25
Q

What does sap store?

A

Sugars
Salts
Amino acids

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26
Q

What are the 3 plant defenses?

A

Mechanical
Physical
Chemical

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27
Q

What are examples of plant mechanical defenses?

A

Thorns or hairs

Mimicry

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28
Q

What are examples of plant physical defenses?

A

Bark
Waxy cuticle
Cell walls

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29
Q

What are examples of plant chemical defenses?

A

Producing antibacterial chemicals

Producing poisons

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30
Q

What are antigens?

A

Substances found on the surface of foreign cells

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31
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Proteins produced by a type of white blood cell called lymphcytes

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32
Q

What are signs of plant disease?

A 
Malformed stems or leaves
Growths 
Pests
Decay 
Discolouration
Stunted growth
Leaf spots
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33
Q

What are the ways of identifying plant disease?

A 
Microscopy
Distribution analysis
Field identification
Laboratory tests
Environmental causes
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34
Q

What does distrubtion analysis provide?

A

How a disease spreads

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35
Q

What are examples of human non-sepcific defenses?

A

Stomach acid
Mucus
Tears
Skin

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36
Q

What are examples of human chyemical defenses?

A

Stomach acid

Tears

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37
Q

What are examples of human physical defenses?

A

Mucus

Skin

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38
Q

Why are tears a chemical defense?

A

They contain enzymes called lysoenzymes that destroy pathogens

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39
Q

What enzymes do tears contain?

A

Lysoenzymes

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40
Q

What are the different functions of white blood cells?

A

Phagocytosis
Antibodies
Antitoxins

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41
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

When white blood cells engulf and ingest pathogens

42
Q

What do white blood cells produce when they recognise foreign antigens?

A

Antibodies

43
Q

What are antigens?

A

Proteins on the surface of cells

44
Q

What shape do antibodies have to antigens?

A

A complimentary shape

45
Q

What does the antibody complimentary shape cause?

A

Microorgansim clusters which allow other white blood cells to ingest pathogens

46
Q

What do antitoxins do?

A

Neutralise toxins released by bacteria

47
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

Clones of cells

48
Q

What do monoclonal antibodies target?

A

Specific chemicals or cells

49
Q

What is the process for producing antibodies?

A

1) Mouse injected with antigen
2) Immune system produces lympochytes that produce particular antibody
3) Lymphocytes extracted from mouse and fused with myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells
4) Myeloma cells grow rapidly and identical cells produced with identical antibody
5) Monoclonal antibodies collected, purified and can be used to target specific cells and chemicals

50
Q

What are myeloma cells?

A

Tumour cells

51
Q

What are lympochytes fused with?

A

Myeloma cells

52
Q

What do fused myeloma cells and lymphocytes form?

A

Hybridoma cells

53
Q

What are uses of monoclonal antibodiies?

A

Pregnancy tests
Diagnoising and treating diseases
Identifying chemicals in blood

54
Q

What are side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

A

Fevers
Low blood pressure
Vomiting

55
Q

What hormone do pregnant women produce?

A

HCG

56
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in pregnancy tests?

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind to HCG antigens and shows women is pregnant

57
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used in diagnosing and detecting diseases?

A

Monoclonal antibodies bind and locate target cells in body

We can attach drugs to monoclonal antibodies which delivers them to tumours

58
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies used to identify chemicals in the blood?

A

Dye can be bound which highlights areas in the body with target cell

59
Q

How do many antibiotics work to stop bacteria?

A

They destroy the cell wall so bacteria cannot replicate

60
Q

Why don’t antibiotics destroy viruses?

A

Viruses stay inside host cells and are not living cells

61
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When a large proportion of the population is immunised

62
Q

How can microorganisms be grown?

A

In a nutrient broth

On an agar gel plate

63
Q

What can cultures of microorganisms be used to invesigate the effects of?

A

Antibiotics

Disinfectants

64
Q

What does aseptic mean?

A

Free from contamination

65
Q

What are aseptic technique examples?

A

Boiling
Lids
Flames
Tempertaure

66
Q

What must be passed through flames for sterilisation?

A

Inoculation loops

67
Q

What are incoluation loops?

A

Tools used to transfer bacteria

68
Q

How can the future population of bacteria be estimated?

A

Multiply current population by 2 for every time it takes the bacteria to survive

69
Q

How are most drugs made these days?

A

By chemists

70
Q

Where where most drugs extracted form in the past?

A

Plants

Microorganisms

71
Q

What do painkillers do?

A

Relieve symptoms

Do not kill pathogens

72
Q

What do antiviral drugs do?

A

Treat viral infections

73
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

Prevent infection from pathogens rather than cure

74
Q

Why do scientists always trial new antibiotics?

A

New strains of resistant bacteria are always developing

75
Q

What 3 main criteria are drugs tested on?

A

Toxicity
Dose
Efficacy

76
Q

What are the 2 stages of drug testing in labs?

A

Preclinal testing

Clinical testing

77
Q

What is preclincal testing?

A

Early-stage testing on cells and tissues grown in the lab and live animals

78
Q

What is clincal testing?

A

Testing drugs on healthy volunteers to check they are safe

79
Q

What are double-blind trials?

A

Doctor and patients do not know who has the placebo or drug

80
Q

What term is used to describe whether a drug works or not?

A

Efficacy

81
Q

What do risk factors of disease mean?

A

Factors that increase the probability of developing a disease

82
Q

What are the risk factor categories of disase?

A

Lifestyle

Substances

83
Q

What can smoking during pregnancy cause?

A

Low baby birth weight

Baby brain damage

84
Q

How do scientists see how risk factors affect disease?

A

Risk factor graphs

85
Q

What 3 lifestyle factors increase cancer risk?

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV exposure

86
Q

What are the 2 calculations for obesity and malnutrition?

A

Waist : hip ratio

Body Mass Index (BMI)

87
Q

What is the equation for BMI?

A

weight (kg) / height^2 (m)

88
Q

What is a healthy BMI range?

A

18.5 - 30

89
Q

What is a healthy waist : hip ratio range?

A

Below 1 for men

Below 0.85 for women

90
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When coronary arteries become narrow due a build up of fatty deposists

91
Q

What are benefits of artificial hearts?

A

Unlikely to be rejected

Immunosuppressants unnecessary

92
Q

What are drawbacks of artifical hearts?

A

Long and expensive hospital stays

Can cause blood clotting which leads to strokes

93
Q

What are 2 common treatments for coronary heart disease?

A

Statins

Stents

94
Q

How are stents used?

A

Inserted to keep coronary arteries open

Drugs must be taken to prevent blood clotting

95
Q

What are statins?

A

Drugs that decrease blood cholesterol levels which decreases the rate of fat build up

96
Q

When do stents begin to narrow again?

A

When scar tissue builds up

97
Q

What are advantages of statins?

A

Cheap

No surgery

98
Q

What are disadvantages of statins?

A

Side effects

Patient has to remmber to take them

99
Q

What are pros and cons of mechanical devices for treating heart disease?

A

Used when an organ donor is unavailable

Requires a power supply and may wear out and need replacing

100
Q

What are advantages of transplants?

A

Transplated organs will function a normal

101
Q

What are disadvantages of transplants?

A

Requires a suitable donor

Immunosuppressants increase risk of other diseases

102
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A stem cell treatments that produces an embryo with the same genes as the parents

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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