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GCSE Biology > 6) Plant Structure & Function > Flashcards

6) Plant Structure & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

In chloroplasts

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2
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endothermic (needs energy)

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3
Q

What is the energy source of photosynthesis?

A

Sunlight

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4
Q

What traps sunlight in chloroplasts?

A

The chemical chlorophyll

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5
Q

What is sunlight used to make?

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

What is the balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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7
Q

What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide concentration
Chlorophyll concentration
Light intensity
Temperature

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8
Q

What happens in photosynthesis when light intensity increases above a certain threshold?

A

Rate no longer increases

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9
Q

What happens in photosynthesis when carbon dioxide concentration increases above a certain threshold?

A

Rate no longer increases

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10
Q

Why does increased temperature increase the rate of photosynthesis?

A

More energy is provided

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11
Q

What happens to photosynthesis when temperatrue increases above 45 degrees C?

A

Enzymes denature and rate of reaction sharply drops and stops

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12
Q

What is the temperature plant enzymes denature above?

A

45 degrees C

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13
Q

What is the limiting factor of photosynthesis in winter?

A

Temperature

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14
Q

What is the limiting factor of photosynthesis at night?

A

Light intensity

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15
Q

What is the limiting factor of photosynthesis in mineral deficient soil?

A

Chlorophyll concentration

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16
Q

How can you test the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis?

A

Change distance between lamp and pondweed and count oxygen bubbles produced

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17
Q

What are the gas bubbles pondweed produce?

A

Oxygen bubbles

18
Q

What is the independent variable when investigating light intensity?

A

Light intensity

19
Q

What is the dependent variable when investigating light intensity?

A

Number of bubbles

20
Q

What is the inverse square law?

A

Light intensity = 1 / distance^2

21
Q

What is accuracy?

A

How close a measured value is to its true value

22
Q

What is reliability?

A

The ability of an experiment to produce consistent results

23
Q

What is validity?

A

How appropriate an experimental method is at achieving the aim of an experiment

24
Q

What do root hair cells do?

A

Take in the minerals plants need to survive

25
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A

Long projections

No chloroplasts

26
Q

Why do root hair cells have long projections?

A

To increase the surface area for absorbing water and minerals

27
Q

WHy don’t root hair cells have chloroplasts?

A

They are located underground and do not receive sunlight

28
Q

What do xylem cells transport?

A

Water up the stem into the leaves

29
Q

What direction do xylem cells transport water?

A

Up the plant

Stem to leaves

30
Q

What are xylem vesslels made from?

A

A series of connected dead xylem cells

31
Q

Why can water move through dead xylem cells?

A

The end walls are broken (open-ended)

32
Q

What substance strengthens the cell walls of xylem cells?

A

Lignin

33
Q

What cells open and close the stomata?

A

Guard cells

34
Q

What are stomata?

A

Gaps in the lower epidermis of leaves

35
Q

Where are stomata found?

A

The lower epidermis of leaves

36
Q

What do stomata do?

A

Facilitate the diffusion of gases (evaporatd water) in and out of leaves

37
Q

How do guard cells open the stomata?

A

They take up lots of water causing them to swell

38
Q

How do guard cells close the stomata?

A

They lose water and return to a limp state

39
Q

What balance do stomata reach?

A

Allowing gases for photosynthesis into leaves and conserving water

40
Q

What happens to the stomata when water is abundant?

A

Stomata opens to allow gases for photosynthesis to move freely in and out of the leaf

41
Q

What happens to stomata when water is scarce?

A

Stomata close to prevent further water loss

42
Q

What is the state of stomata at night and why?

A

Closed as no carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis as there is no sunlight

GCSE Biology (10 decks)

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