3: Haematology 1

Question 1

Which tube is preferred for haematology?

Answer 1

EDTA

Question 2

Why are citrate tubes used in cats?

Answer 2

Reduces platelet clumping

Question 3

Why is heparin used for exotics?

Answer 3

Can’t get much blood and can also be used for biochemistry

Question 4

What’s a problem with using heparin?

Answer 4

Poor staining of WBCs on smears

Question 5

What are three problems if an EDTA tube is underfilled?

Answer 5

Alters RBC size/morphology, reduced PCV, dilutes sample if the EDTA is liquid

Question 6

What happens if biochemistry tube gets contaminated with EDTA?

Answer 6

Increased K and decreased Ca

Question 7

Normal dog PCV?

Answer 7

37-55%

Question 8

Normal cat PCV?

Answer 8

26-45%

Question 9

What is plasma protein concentration measured in?

Answer 9

g/L

Question 10

What three things can cause false plasma protein conc increases

Answer 10

Lipaemia, urea, glucose

Question 11

What process is occuring if PCV is normal and plasma protein is high?

Answer 11

High serum globulin from inflammation, infection, myeloma or some B cell lymphomas

Question 12

What are the two types of RBC analysers?

Answer 12

Impedence and flow

Question 13

How do impedence analysers work?

Answer 13

Pass cells through an electrical current and larger cell creates a larger pulse

Question 14

How do you calculate haematocrit?

Answer 14

RBC x MCV / 1000

Question 15

Within what % of the PCV should the HCT be?

Answer 15

2-3%

Question 16

If PCT and HCT are different, which do you believe?

Answer 16

PCV

Question 17

How do you calculate MCH?

Answer 17

HGB x 10 / RBC

Question 18

Which three cell-specific lysing solutions are used in an impedence analyser?

Answer 18

Granulocytes, lymphocyte, monocyte

Question 19

What can band neutrophils be accidentally classed as?

Answer 19

Monocytes

Question 20

What can nRBCs be accidentally classed as?

Answer 20

Lymphocytes

Question 21

How do impedence analysers differentiate platelet vs RBC?

Answer 21

Based on size

Question 22

Why do impedence analysers confuse platelets vs RBCs in cats?

Answer 22

Large platelets, small RBCs

Question 23

Why do impedence analysers confuse platelets vs RBCs in CKCS?

Answer 23

Few, large, platelets

Question 24

How do flow analysers work?

Answer 24

Pass cells through laser beam and a low scatter angle is a larger cells and higher angle is a granular complex cells

Question 25

What is the advantages of a flow analyser?

Answer 25

Better at RBCs vs platelets, get 4 part WBC differential, can tell neutrophil and eosinophil apart, can identify and count reticulocytes

Question 26

What do flow analysers get confused between?

Answer 26

Neutrophil and monocyte

Question 27

How does a QBC analyser work?

Answer 27

Centrifugal force separates RBCS, granulocytes, agranulocytes, platelet layers and thickness = concentration

Question 28

When QBC be inaccurate?

Answer 28

If cell sizes are abnormal

Question 29

Why is QBC good for CKCS?

Answer 29

Calculates platelet mass (placecrit) rather than cell count

Question 30

What do QBC analysers have fluorescent markers on tubes for?

Answer 30

DNA, RNA, lipoproteins

Question 31

Which cell types does the myeloid precursor become?

Answer 31

Platelets, RBCs, WBCs (except lymphoid cells)

Question 32

In which bones does bone marrow haematopoiesis occur?

Answer 32

Flat and proximal long bones

Question 33

Where can you aspirate bone marrow from?

Answer 33

Iliac crest, femur, proximal humerus

Question 34

Which kind of animals have extra-medullary haematopoiesis?

Answer 34

Old

Question 35

Where does extra-medullary haematopoiesis occur?

Answer 35

Spleen, liver, lymph nodes

Question 36

Around which cells are erythrocytes produced in the bone marrow?

Answer 36

Macrophage nurse cells

Question 37

Which cells produce EPO?

Answer 37

Peritubular interstitial

Question 38

Why does pulmonary disease cause erythropoiesis?

Answer 38

EPO produced in response to hypoxia

Question 39

How many mitoses does a rubriblast undergo?

Answer 39

Multiple

Question 40

What do the cells produced by rubriblast mitosis look like?

Answer 40

More, smaller

Question 41

At what stage is the nucleus extruded to form reticulocytes?

Answer 41

Metarubricyte

Question 42

In which species is the nucleus not extruded?

Answer 42

Reptiles or birds

Question 43

How does iron deficiency cause microcytosis?

Answer 43

Hb regulates cells division and less Hb = more division

Question 44

After how long are reticulocytes released and mature?

Answer 44

24-48 hours

Question 45

What do reticulocytes look like on blood film?

Answer 45

Polychromatophils due to ribosomes

Question 46

Why are reticulocytes rare in cows or horses on blood films?

Answer 46

Mature before release

Question 47

Which stain do you use for reticulocytes?

Answer 47

Methylene blue

Question 48

Which kinds of reticulocytes do cats have?

Answer 48

Aggregate and punctate

Question 49

Which kind of reticulocytes do most species have?

Answer 49

Aggregate

Question 50

What do punctate reticulocytes look like?

Answer 50

Not polychromatic and can't be differentiated on blood smear

Question 51

What are aggregate reticulocytes released from bone marrow as?

Answer 51

Polychromatophils

Question 52

What evidence of regeneration do aggregate reticulocytes show?

Answer 52

Recent

Question 53

What happens to aggregate reticulocytes?

Answer 53

Become punctate