6: Haematology 4 Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Which cytokines stimulate myeloblast production?
A
IL-1 and IL-6
2
Q
When are IL-1 and IL-6 produced?
A
Inflammation
3
Q
In which pool do myeloblasts become myelocytes?
A
Proliferative
4
Q
In which pool do metamyelocytes become mature cells?
A
Maturational pool
5
Q
Which pool are myeloid cells released from during inflammation?
A
Storage
6
Q
What is the half life of a lecuocyte?
A
6-14 hours
7
Q
In health, where are lecocytes lost?
A
Across mucosa or phagocytosed in liver/spleen
8
Q
Which are the two leucocyte pools in the blood?
A
Circulating and marginating (on endothelium)
9
Q
Which leucocyte pool is measured?
A
Circulating
10
Q
Which conditions can decrease leucocyte adhesion?
A
Endotoxaemia, steroids, glucocorticoids
11
Q
What is the usual marginating:circulating leucocyte ratio?
A
1:1
12
Q
What is the marginating:circulating leucocyte ratio in cats?
A
3:1
13
Q
How do cytokines affect marginating pool?
A
Increase
14
Q
How many lobules does the neutrophil nucleus have?
A
3-5
15
Q
Does acute or chronic inflammation cause neutrophilia?
A
Both
16
Q
Which pool are neutrophils released from following inflammatory mediators in acute inflammation?
A
Storage or maturational
17
Q
Which kind of inflammation causes granulocytic hyperplasia?
A
Chronic
18
Q
Why do you only see mature neutrophils in chronic inflammation?
A
Although proliferative and maturational pool size increase, neutrophil must be mature before release
19
Q
Which cells can show left shift and toxic changes?
A
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils
20
Q
What does the nucleus look like in left shift?
A
Non-lobulated
21
Q
What kind of neutrophils are released in left shift?
A
Band
22
Q
Where are band neutrophils released from?
A
Bone marrow
23
Q
Which kind of diseases cause toxic changes?
A
Infectious (severe)
24
Q
In which species are Dohle bodies normal?
A
Cats
25
What do toxic changes look like?
Basophilia, vacuolation, doughnut nuclei, giant cells
26
What is the leukaemoid response?
Marked neutrophilia from severe inflammation
27
What neoplastic condition resembles the leukaemoid response?
Chronic granulocytic leukaemia
28
When may chronic inflammatory neutrophilia show left shift?
If inflammatory stimulus is large
29
Which cell number changes do you also see in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?
Monocytosis, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia
30
Which shift can you get in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?
Right or left - but usually mature
31
What do right shift neutrophils look like?
Hypersegmented older cells
32
What normally causes right shift?
Steroid therapy or chronic inflammation
33
What does bone marrow show in chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?
Granulocytic hyperplasia
34
Why do cattle not show neutrophilia in infection?
Limited storage pool
35
Why do cows get neutropenic in infection?
Cells move into tissues
36
What 3 conditions can cause stress-induced neutrophilia?
Stress, steroids, Cushings
37
What two processes cause the neutrophilia following stress?
Lose endothelium adhesion, more released from marrow storage pool
38
Which species gets marked stress-induced neutrophilia?
Cats
39
Why is stress-induced neutrophilia only 2-4x the reference interval?
Limited number in marginating pool
40
What does a stress leukogram look like?
Neutrophilia, monocytosis, lymphopenia, eosinopenia
41
What happens during excitement neutrophilia?
Redistribution to circulating pool
42
How fast does excitement neutrophilia normalise?
Quickly, esp healthy animals
43
How many times reference interval does excitement neutrophilia cause?
2-4x
44
Which cells are also increased in excitement neutrophilia?
Lymphocytosis but no monocytosis
45
How common is granulocytic leukaemia?
Uncommon
46
What do cells look like in granulocytic leukaemia?
Morphologically normal, high neutrophil count with left shift
47
How do you diagnose granulocytic leukaemia?
Exclusion
48
Which condition does granulocytic leukaemia resemble?
Leukaemoid response in inflammation
49
Which proteins are helpful to diagnose granulocytic leukaemia?
Acute phase proteins (will be high in inflammation)
50
What causes paraneoplastic neutrophilia?
Neoplasms release cytokines and stimulate granulopoiesis
51
How can paraneoplastic neutrophilia resolve?
treatment or tumour removal
52
What do neutrophils look like in paraneoplastic neutrophilia?
Left shift
53
How does sedation affect neutrophils?
Neutropenia
54
Which breed has especially low neutrophils?
Greyhounds
55
What is happening during inflammatory neutropenia?
Overwhelms white cell production - more moves to tissues than released
56
Which conditions often cause inflammatory neutropenia?
Pyo, metritis
57
Which kind of bacteria can often cause inflammatory neutropenia?
Gram -ve
58
In which species is inflammatory neutropenia common?
Cattle
59
Which conditions can cause bone marrow hypoplasia?
Toxins esp oestrogen, chemo, infections esp FeLV, parvo
60
Which conditions can cause myelophthesis?
Neoplasia, myelofibrosis
61
Which breed gets cyclic haematopoiesis so see severe neutropenia then recovery?
Grey collies
62
How do you tell bone marrow hypoplasia and inflammatory neutropenia apart?
No left shift/toxic changes in bone marrow hypoplasia
63
Which WBC is most common in cattle?
Lymphocytes
64
What size are lymphocytes compared to neutrophils?
Smaller
65
When do you see large lymphocytes?
Immune stimulation or lymphoma/leukaemia
66
How are lymphocytes affected during excitement?
Mild increase
67
How can vaccination affect lymphocytes?
Lymphocytosis if young
68
How can Addisons affect lyphocytes and eosinophils?
Lymphocytosis, eosinophilia
69
How does acute inflammation affect lymphocytes?
Lymphopenia
70
How does loss of lymph affect lymphocytes?
Lymphopenia
71
What shape are eosinophils in cats?
Rod-shaped
72
Which kind of inflammation causes eosinophilia?
Parasitic and allergic
73
Which areas of the body do eosinophils release caustic enzymes in?
Skin, GI tract, resp tract
74
How does Addisons affect eosinophils?
Inverse stress leukogram - so eosinophilia, leukocytosis
75
Why do mast cells especially cause paraneoplastic eosinophilia?
Histamine stimulates eosinophils
76
Which species gets hypereosinophilic syndrome?
Cats
77
Which organs are infiltrated by eosinophils in hypereosinophilic syndrome?
Liver, spleen, GI tract, bone marrow
78
What may possibly cause hypereosinophilic syndrome?
Eosinophilic leukaemia
79
How common is eosinopenia?
Rare and not relevant
80
What may cause eosinopenia?
Acute inflammation or stress/steroids
81
For how long do monocyes remain as macrophages?
years
82
How common in monocytic leukaemia?
Rare
83
How common is paraneoplastic monocytosis?
Rare
84
Which conditions cause increased basophils?
Parasitic or allergic
85
Which cell changes do basophils mirror?
Eosinophil
86
Which cells produce thrombopoietin?
Hepatocytes and renal tubular cells
87
Which cells does thrombopoietin act on?
Megakaryoblast and megakaryocyte
88
When is TPO produced?
Constantly
89
How is TPO cleared?
When taken up by platelets and megakaryocytes
90
Which hormone controls platelet production?
TPO
91
What happens to TPO if there is less platelets?
More
92
What happens to TPO secretion in inflammation?
Increases
93
How long does platelet production take?
3 days
94
How long do platelets live before they are cleared by the spleen?
6 days
95
What breeds especially get pseudothrombocytopenia?
CKCS, sighthounds
96
What can happen to large platelets causing low platelet count?
Sequestered in spleen
97
Which conditions cause increased platelet consumption?
DIC, vasculities, endocarditis
98
Which conditions causes increased platelet destruction?
IMTP
99
Which conditions can cause decreased platelet production?
Drugs, infectious agent, myelophthesis
100
WHat do stress leukogram and chronic inflammatory neutrophilia both show?
Neutrophilia, monocytosis
101
What are lymphocytes and eosinophils like in stress leukogram vs chronic inflammatory neutrophilia?
Stress leukogram has lymphopenia and eosinopenia but CIN has the opposite
102
How does thrombocytosis cause pseudohyperK?
Platelets release potassium when they clot
103
Is thrombocytosis clinically relevant?
No
104
How common is megakaryocyte neoplasia?
Rare
105
What condition can cause decreased platelet removal?
Splenectomy
106
What happens to platelets in excitement?
Released from spleen
107
Which four conditions can cause increased platelet production?
TPO in inflammation, iron deficiency, vincristine therapy, rebound after thrombocytopenia
