8: Plasma Protein and Calcium

Question 1

What makes up globulin?

Answer 1

Fibrinogen and acute phase proteins

Question 2

What % of buffering capacity is from HCO3?

Answer 2

80%

Question 3

What % of buffering capacity is from proteins?

Answer 3

20%

Question 4

What is the function of acute phase protein during inflammation?

Answer 4

Limits tissue damage

Question 5

How big is albumin?

Answer 5

Small

Question 6

How many proteins make up albumin?

Answer 6

One

Question 7

What are some proteins that make up globulin?

Answer 7

Alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2, gamma

Question 8

What does high fibrinogen show?

Answer 8

Non-specific inflammation

Question 9

Which species have high fibrinogen?

Answer 9

Cows and horses

Question 10

How do you measure fibrinogen?

Answer 10

Heat precipitation or colorimetry

Question 11

What are 5 sources of error in a refractometer?

Answer 11

Haemolysis/lipaemia, synthetic colloids, hyperGlu, high Na/Cl, high bilirubin

Question 12

Which breed gets combined immunodeficiency giving hypoproteinaemia?

Answer 12

Arab foals

Question 13

How can you measure Ig deficiency?

Answer 13

ZnSO4 test, serum GGT in calves up to 8 days, ELISA (foal check)

Question 14

Which organs can protein loss be from?

Answer 14

GI, renal, dermal

Question 15

What are three examples of protein-losing enteropathy?

Answer 15

IBD, lymphoma, lymphangiectasia

Question 16

What is lost in protein-losing enteropathy?

Answer 16

Both proteins and cholesterol

Question 17

Insufficiency of which organ can cause hypoproteinaemia due to maldigestion?

Answer 17

Pancreas

Question 18

Which proteins are lost in protein-losing nephropathy?

Answer 18

Albumin

Question 19

What is globulin like in reduced albumin production?

Answer 19

High or normal

Question 20

What are three causes of reduced albumin production?

Answer 20

Malnutrition, chronic inflammation, liver disease

Question 21

What causes hyperglobulinaemia?

Answer 21

Polyclonal or monoclonal gammopathy

Question 22

How can you distinguish the type of gammopathy?

Answer 22

Electrophoresis

Question 23

In which species should you especially distinguish the type of gammopathy?

Answer 23

Birds

Question 24

What causes polyclonal gammopathy?

Answer 24

Inflammation/infection, FIP, stomatitis, Ehrlichia, Leishmania, chronic liver disease, immune mediated disease

Question 25

Another name for monoclonal gammopathy?

Answer 25

Paraprotein or M-protein

Question 26

Which cells are cloned in monoclonal gammopathy?

Answer 26

Plasma/lymphoid

Question 27

What are some examples of monclonal gammopathies?

Answer 27

Myeloma, lymphoma, leukaemia

Question 28

What causes increase alpha-2 globulins?

Answer 28

Acute phase proteins from acute inflammation

Question 29

What is the usual acute phase protein in dogs?

Answer 29

CRP

Question 30

What is the usual acute phase protein in cats?

Answer 30

SAA alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP)

Question 31

What causes increased gamma globulins?

Answer 31

Chronic inflammation, chronic liver disease, immun mediated disease e.g. FIP

Question 32

What are four differentials for monoclonal gammopathy?

Answer 32

Myeloma plasma cell tumour, lymphoid leukaemia, idiopathic, lymphoma malignant lymphocytes

Question 33

What four conditions are acute phase proteins produced in response to?

Answer 33

Infection, inflammation, trauma, aseptic necrosis

Question 34

WHich cells increase production of protective proteins?

Answer 34

Hepatocytes

Question 35

What do hepatocytes reduce production of during acute phase proteins?

Answer 35

transport proteins e.g. albumin and transferrin

Question 36

In which species is haptoglobin a positive acute phase protein?

Answer 36

Ruminants

Question 37

In which species is serum amyloid A a positive acute phase protein?

Answer 37

Ruminants, horses, cats

Question 38

Which kind of calcium is active?

Answer 38

Ionised

Question 39

Which kind of calcium is measured?

Answer 39

Total

Question 40

Which protein is calcium mostly bound to?

Answer 40

Albumin

Question 41

What determines the shift between protein bound and ionised calcium?

Answer 41

pH

Question 42

How do you treat PUPD caused by hypercalcaemia?

Answer 42

Symptoms and cause

Question 43

Which two conditions cause excess PTH?

Answer 43

Primary hyperparathyroidism or hyperCa of malignancy

Question 44

Which three conditions cause excess vitamin D?

Answer 44

Supplementation, granulomatous inflammation, rodenticides

Question 45

Which condition causes excess complexed calcium?

Answer 45

Chronic renal disease

Question 46

How does Addisons affect calcium?

Answer 46

HyperCa

Question 47

What are the three types of hypoCa?

Answer 47

Spurious, acute, chronic

Question 48

What are three causes of spurious hypoCa?

Answer 48

EDTA, hypoalbuminaemia, sample aging

Question 49

WHat changes will also be seen if hypoCa is caused by EDTA?

Answer 49

Low AP, high K

Question 50

Why do raw diets cause hypoCa?

Answer 50

Too much PO4

Question 51

Why does GI disease cause hypoCa?

Answer 51

Vitamin D is fat soluble

Question 52

Why does renal disease cause hypoCa?

Answer 52

Low vit D production

Question 53

How can blood transfusions cause hypoCa?

Answer 53

Excess citrate