Prac 2: Haematology

Question 1

Where do the platelets end up in the haematocrit tube?

Answer 1

At the top of the buffy coat

Question 2

Is it plasma or serum in a haematocrit tube?

Answer 2

Plasma

Question 3

How much does 1% buffy coat equal in terms of white cell count?

Answer 3

First 1% is 10 x 10^9, and every percent after is 20 x 10^9

Question 4

When do you need a conversion chart for plasma protein?

Answer 4

If scale only shows refractive index

Question 5

After haemorrhage, by what time does PCV reach its lowest point?

Answer 5

24 hours

Question 6

Is PCV and protein are both low, how long ago was the haemorrhage?

Answer 6

Ongoing or less than 4 hours

Question 7

Which conditions cause hyperglobulinaemia?

Answer 7

Myeloma, some B cell lymphomas, some infectious diseases

Question 8

What blood should you use to make a smear?

Answer 8

Whole blood or EDTA

Question 9

Why should you not use heparinised blood for a smear?

Answer 9

Different staining

Question 10

How long should you mix the sample before making a smear?

Answer 10

60 seconds

Question 11

When should you hold the spreader slide at a greater angle?

Answer 11

If anaemic

Question 12

How much of the slide should the blood film take up?

Answer 12

2/3

Question 13

Where will leucocytes end up in a poor slide?

Answer 13

Ends and sides of the spread

Question 14

Which species has no central pallor on RBCs?

Answer 14

Cats

Question 15

What is platelet size like in cats compared to dogs?

Answer 15

Variable

Question 16

Which species has no polychromatophils?

Answer 16

Horses and cows

Question 17

How common are Rouleaux in horses?

Answer 17

Very

Question 18

In which species can Dohle bodies be normal?

Answer 18

Cats

Question 19

In which species can acanthocytes be normal?

Answer 19

Cows, dogs

Question 20

What are RBCs like in goats?

Answer 20

Small, poikilocytosis common

Question 21

What shape are red cells in Alpaca?

Answer 21

Oval

Question 22

In which species are echinocytes common?

Answer 22

Pigs

Question 23

Which species has high numbers of polychromatophils?

Answer 23

Mouse

Question 24

What do rabbit neutrophils look like?

Answer 24

Contain red granules (heterophils)

Question 25

Which stain for reticulocytes?

Answer 25

Methylene blue

Question 26

Which kind of reticulocytes in dogs and large animals?

Answer 26

Aggregate

Question 27

Which kind of reticulocytes in cats?

Answer 27

Aggregate and punctate

Question 28

What usually causes crenation?

Answer 28

Excess EDTA or uraemia

Question 29

What condition can Rouleax be associated with?

Answer 29

Hyperglobulinaemia

Question 30

In which species can low numbers of Howell-Jolly bodies be normal?

Answer 30

Cats (and dogs and horses)

Question 31

In what conditions do Howell-Jolly bodies increase?

Answer 31

Regenerative anaemias and splenectomy

Question 32

In what conditions are target cells seen?

Answer 32

Regenerative anaemias, iron deficiency, liver dysfunction

Question 33

Why do target cells have increased membrane:Hb ratio?

Answer 33

Low Hb content

Question 34

What causes basophilic stippling of cells?

Answer 34

Ribosomes

Question 35

Which species and condition usually causes basophilic stippling?

Answer 35

Regenerative anaemias in ruminants

Question 36

What conditions should you consider if basophilic stippling but no polychromasia/reticulocytosis in ruminants?

Answer 36

Lead poisoning

Question 37

Where are RBC clumps sequestered?

Answer 37

Liver and spleen

Question 38

Why does Heinz bodies form?

Answer 38

Oxidation of SH groups in the globin chain so Hb precipitate attached to inside of membrane

Question 39

What % of Heinz bodies is normal in cats?

Answer 39

5-10%

Question 40

What conditions can cause Heinz bodies in cats?

Answer 40

Diabetes, hyperthyroidism, hepatic lipidosis

Question 41

WHat causes a spherocyte?

Answer 41

BC membrane partially phagocytosed by macrophage so can't maintain biconcave shape

Question 42

WHich are the only species where you can see spherocytes?

Answer 42

Dogs (due to central pallor)

Question 43

Where in the smear are spherocytes found?

Answer 43

At the tail

Question 44

Which four conditions can be assocaited with spherocytosis?

Answer 44

IMHA, PFK deficiency, zinc toxicity, envenomation

Question 45

Which disorders can cause acanthocytes?

Answer 45

Those causing erythrocyte fragmentation and liver disease

Question 46

Which disorders cause schistocytes?

Answer 46

Those causing RBC fragmentation

Question 47

What does Babesia look like on a blood smear?

Answer 47

Paired intracellular

Question 48

What is sensitivity like for Babesia on a blood smear?

Answer 48

Low

Question 49

What does mycoplasma look like on a blood smear?

Answer 49

Small coccoid on edge of or within cells, sometimes in chains

Question 50

In which conditions do you see right shift?

Answer 50

Chronic inflamm or steroids

Question 51

Why do steroids cause right shift?

Answer 51

Prevent adhesions and migration of neutrophils into tissue

Question 52

How old are right shifted cells?

Answer 52

Old

Question 53

What proportion of the maximal diameter of the nucleus is the indentation of the nucleus of band neutrophils?

Answer 53

1/3

Question 54

What are Dohle bodies made of?

Answer 54

Blue aggregates of RNA

Question 55

WHich are the only neutrophils to undergo toxic changes?

Answer 55

Those in the peripheral blood

Question 56

What kind of diseases usually cause toxic change?

Answer 56

Infectious disease associated with accelerated granulopoiesis

Question 57

What are some examples of toxic changes?

Answer 57

Dohle bodies, vacuolation, granulation, giant neutrophils, doughnut nuclei

Question 58

What does Ehrlichia look like on blood smear?

Answer 58

Morulae within neutrophil cytoplasm

Question 59

Which species has rod shaped cytoplasmic granules in eosinophils?

Answer 59

Cats

Question 60

How big are reactive lymphocytes?

Answer 60

Same size or larger than neutrophils

Question 61

How do you differentiated acute lymphoid and myeloid leukaemias?

Answer 61

Flow cytometry as cells look similar

Question 62

What do lymphocytes in acute leukaemias look like?

Answer 62

Large (larger than a neutrophil), and large prominent nucleoli

Question 63

What do eosinophils look like in horses?

Answer 63

Large blobs in the cytoplasm