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PSYC 223 > 3: infancy > Flashcards

3: infancy Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

what is the cephalocaudal principle of growth

A

development of head before body
- vision develops before limb motor ability

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2
Q

what is proximodistal principle of growth

A

development begins at trunk before body extremities
- individual can move shoulders before distant fingers

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3
Q

what is hierarchical integration

A

simple skills develop first and then join to become complex skills

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4
Q

what is independence of systems

A

different body parts grow at different rates
- (i.e.) skeletal system reaches rate of maturity before reproductive system

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5
Q

what is synapses

A

gap connection between two neurons to communicate

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6
Q

what is synaptogenesis

A

formation of synapse

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7
Q

what is synaptic pruning

A

degradation of neurons due to lack of stimulation
- usually occurs after bursts of synaptogenesis
- increases brain efficiency

note: babies are born with more neurons than necessary

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8
Q

what is myelination

A

development of an insulating sheath around neurons to increase rate of conductivity

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9
Q

what is the cerebral cortex for

A

perception, thought, movement, language

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10
Q

what is the midbrain for

A

regulation of vital functions (respiration, circulation) attention and emotions

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11
Q

what is the cerebellum for

A

motor coordination, balance, emotions

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12
Q

define neuroplasticity

A

capacity of neurons and neural networks in the brain to change their connections and behaviour in response to new information (damage too)

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13
Q

what is awake states

A

alert–> baby is awake and focused
non alert–> awake but not focused
tend to fuss and cry

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14
Q

transition between sleep and waking

A

drowsiness, daziness

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15
Q

transition between sleep states

A

active quiet sleep transition

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16
Q

are infants capable of rem sleeping

A

no

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17
Q

how long do infants sleep in a day

A

70% of the day, discontinuous sleeping

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18
Q

what is rem sleep

A

apparent in older children and adults, associated with dreaming

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19
Q

what is sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

disorder with which children die in their sleep
can be caused by suffocation, brainstem abnormalities, problem with reflexes–>babies cannot move out of obstacles that cause suffocation

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20
Q

what (%) of infants in canada die from SIDS

A

5%

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21
Q

define colic

A

when an infant cries for no reason
could be caused by: gut inflammation, migraine, lack of parental attention

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22
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

tendency to turn towards things that touch its cheek
- 3 weeks

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23
Q

stepping reflex

A

movement of legs when held in upright position
- 2 mo.

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24
Q

what is swimming reflex

A

infant tendency to paddle or kick in swimming motion when on stomach
-4-6mo.

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25
what is moro reflex
support of head and neck, and ability to throw hands outward as though to prevent baby from falling - 6mo.
26
what is babinski reflex
baby fans out then curls feet when pressure place at palm of foot -8-12 mo.
27
sucking reflex
tendency for infants to suck things
28
define ossification
hardening of bones
29
what are the initial signs of gross motor skils
infants trying to lift their heads
30
when do infants beginning rolling over
3.2 months
31
when are infants able to sit without support
6 months
32
when are infants able to walk
9 months
33
when do fine motor skills develop
around 4 months follow sequential development
34
what are developmental milestones
universal age related events which signal change or growth
35
what are sex differences in developmental milestones
females develop wrist bones faster to develop fine motor skills males develop faster physical ability which show preference for rough play
36
explain malnutrition effects in infancy
slower growth rate and cognitive advancements infancy is critical period for nutritional uptake
37
what is infant obesity
infants have 20% more weight than average infant
38
what is colustrum
first breast milk--> provides essential nutrients for growth and immunity
39
when can infants begin eating solid food
by 6 months.
40
what is weaning
gradually stopping breast milk
41
what is preference technique to measure perceptual development
measuring how long a baby looks at an object--> longer glances, higher preference
42
by how many months do infants develop 20/20 vision
6 months
43
what is tracking
smooth movements of the eye to follow moving object
44
what is infant visual deprivation
lack of proper visual stimulation during infancy causes anomaly in development of visual perception
45
what is auditory acuity
how well an infant can hear sounds from a distance, better than visual acuity
46
what is sound localization
inability to pin point direction of sound source
47
when do infants begin distinguishing fine differences in sound
age 1
48
define affordances
how we perceive environments as ways to afford us our needs i.e.) chair--> offers sitting, standing, throwing
49
what is multimodal perception
integrating information from 2+ sensory systems to perform single perception
50
what do nativists argue
that all traits and skills are inborn
51
what do empiricists arguer
that ability is learnt through environment
52
what is object permeance
understanding that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen
53
when is object permeance achieved
by 8-10 months
54
what is the A not B problem
caused by lack of object permeance error that occurs when infants make the mistake of selecting familiar hiding places (A) rather than the new hiding place (B)
55
when is the A not B problem resolved
after 12-14 months `
56
what is stage 1 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
interaction with environment based off reflexes
57
what is stage 2 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
primary circular actions infants begin combining actions and can repeat actions they find interesting
58
what is stage 3 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
secondary circular actions infants begin repeating activities through trial and error (exploration) children begin IMITATION but not object permanence
59
symbolwhat is stage 4 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
coordination of secondary circular actions infants show goal oriented behavior (& problem solving) IMITATION, OBJECT PERMANENCE (a not b error)
60
what is stage 5 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
tertiary circular reactions exploration of consequence learn how to manipulate objects--> experimental behaviour imitation, object permanence, and a not b problem is visible
61
what is stage 6 of Piaget's sensory motor substages
beginning of thought uses mental representation-->pretending as well imitation, object permanence, a not b problem (resolved) is present
62
what is assimilation
using existing schema to understand new information
63
what is accommodation
changing existing schema to take in new info
64
what is information processing theory
includes encoding , storage, and retrieval of info - capacity of storage remains constant in life
65
what is automatization
degree to which an activity requires attention note: infants require a small amount of automatization / it increases with age
66
what is infantile amnesia
missing memory of what occurs after 3 years
67
what influences how long a memory lasts
how long exposure to a stimulus lasts note: retrieval of info improves with age
68
what is implicit memory
recalled involuntarily/conscious - activity from CEREBELLUM
69
what is explicit memory
conscious/ recalled voluntary - activity from HIPPOCAMPUS and CEREBRAL CORTEX
70
what is the development quotient (DQ)
overall development score built off performance in multiple domains
71
what is language competence
how well and individual can use language (improves with age) - language comprehension develops before production
72
what is phonology
basic sounds used together to form sentences
73
what are morphemes
smallest meaningful unit of language
74
what are semantics
rules that govern language to form meaningful sentences - ie) grammar
75
what is babbling
meaningless speechlike sounds occurs 2-3 months
76
when are first words generally spoken
9-14 months
77
what are holophrases
one word utterances that represent entire phrases - transition between babbling and first words i,e) mai for ayah means food or water in different contexts
78
what is overextension
using words too broadly (saying dog for every 4 legged animal)
79
what is underextending
using words too restrictively (saying dog for only your dog but no other dog)
80
what is telegraphic speech
words where non critical words are omitted "doggie bye bye"
81
what is the learning theory
language learnt through reinforcement and conditioning
82
what is the nativist theory
idea that language is an innate ability
83
what is the interactionalist theory
that language is learnt by a combination of innate ability and environmental influences
84
what is infant directed speech
type of speech directed towards infant slower, simple language
85
what is non verbal encoding
expressing emotion without understanding of why
86
when do babies express smiling
6-9 weeks at pleasant stimuli 18 months at primary caregivers
87
when do babies begin interpreting emotion
4 months
88
when does self awareness occur
emerges by 1 year old
89
what is the subjective self
understanding of being a separate person who can experience and act on environment
90
what is objective self
concept of an individual being defined by certain characteristic
91
what is emotional self
identifying changed in own or other emotions
92
what is the theory of mind
knowledge and beliefs about how the world works at 18 months-- infants gain a sense of goals and intentions at 2 years-- infants understand others have different beliefs
93
what is goodness of fit
degree of match between children's temperament and environment
94
what is referential style of language
style of language used to primarily label objects
95
what is expressive style of language
a style of language in which its used to express feelings and needs about oneself
96
what is language acquisition device (LAD)
neural system of brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
97
what is avoidant attachment pattern
where child has avoidant behaviour towards mother--> they do not seek her presence
98
what is ambivalent attachment pattern
children display a mix of positive and negative attachment patterns with the mother
99
what is disorganized and disoriented attachment pattern
style of attachment that is inconsistent and unpredictable towards mother
100
what is trust vs mistrust stage
period where infants either develop trust or mistrust with their environment - depends if their needs are met by their caregivers
101
what is autonomy vs shame and doubt stage
period (18-3 years) where children develop independence (given the freedom to explore) or self doubt ( given they were restricted and over protected)

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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