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PSYC 223 > 7: early adulthood > Flashcards

7: early adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

what is Senescence or Primary aging

A

The natural physical decline brought
on by aging.

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2
Q

what is secondary aging

A

Physical decline as a result of
behavioural choices, environmental
factors and disease

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3
Q

what is Health-adjusted life expectancy

A

Number of years that a newborn can
expect to live at full health, given the
morbidity and mortality conditions

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4
Q

what are social determinants

A

Life expectancy increases with income, education level and occupational status.

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5
Q

physical changes also include

A

maximum psychomotor abilities ( muscular action based directly on a mental process.)

heightened auditory acuity

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6
Q

where is synaptogenesis and pruning focused on in the brain

A

frontal lobes

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7
Q

brain and nervous system strengthens response inhibition, what is that

A

the skill of suppressing a prepotent or impulsive response.

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8
Q

in early adulthood, what developments do the PFC begin to go through

A

proper integration and regulation of function from other regions

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9
Q

what developments do the heart and lungs undergo

A

1) peak cardiovascular capacity in initial years

2) maximum oxygen uptake declines with age after 35yrs

3) blood vessels loose elasticity and face calcification

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10
Q

what development do reproductive capacities undergo in early adulthood

A

1) Fertility begins drop after 30 years in both sexes.
- men reproductive capacity drops slower

2) higher chances of miscarriage/sporadic ovulation

3) increasing risk of genetic abnormalities

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11
Q

what do B cells of bone marrow do

A

fight external threats

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12
Q

what does the thymus do

A

T cells fight internal threats

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13
Q

with aging, thymus gland ___

A

deteriorates with functioning due to weaker antibodies

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14
Q

with age does the body get more susceptible to disease

A

yes

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15
Q

define disability

A

A condition that substantially
limits a major life activity.

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16
Q

what is the daily minimum of exercise recommended by the CDC and what are the benefits

A

150 mins of moderate- intense exercise

  • better cardiovascular functions
  • increased muscle, ligament, and bone fluidity
  • reduced osteoporosis risk
  • optimal immune system
  • aids in stress relief
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17
Q

what do early adult nutrition diet need to be comprised of

A

complex carbs, fibers, healthy fatty acids, proteins, micronutrients

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18
Q

what is the locus of control

A

Individual’s set of beliefs about the causes of events

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19
Q

what is internal locus of control

A

Believe that they have the
control over their own lives

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20
Q

what is external locus of control

A

Believe that they their lives are
governed by uncontrollable forces

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21
Q

what is the continuum of optimism to pessimism

A

An optimistic outlook on life has been linked to better health, enhancing effect on medications, and positive effects on immune system.

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22
Q

higher self efficacy is likely to lead people to (follow/reject) health advice

A

follow

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23
Q

what is Psychoneuroimmunology

A

study of relationship among the brain, immune system, and psychological factors

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24
Q

what is stress

A

The physical and emotional response to events that
threaten or challenge us.

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25
Q

what are the two stages of processing stress

A

1) primary appraisal
Individual’s assessment of the stressful event and it’s outcome

2) secondary appraisal
Individual’s assessment of their capabilities to cope with the stressor

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26
Q

define coping

A

The effort to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the
threats that lead to stress.

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27
Q

what is problem focused coping

A

Remedying the problematic situation directly

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28
Q

what is emotion focused coping

A

Regulating the reactions to the stressful event.

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29
Q

what is defensive coping

A

Unconscious strategies that distort the
true nature of the situation.

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30
Q

what are personality disorders

A

Inflexible pattern of behaviour that leads to difficulty in educational, occupational and social functioning

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31
Q

what are the list of anxiety disorders

A

1) generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
2) OCD
3) phobias

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32
Q

what are most frequent mood disorders

A

depression–> relies on lonliness and social failure feelings

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33
Q

define antisocial behavior

A

difficulty forming emotional attachments
- lack empathy
- little rgard to others
- self centeredness

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34
Q

define paranoia

A

suspiciousness of others behaviors and motives
emotionally guard and high sensitivity to social violations

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35
Q

define histrionic

A

irrational attention seeking behavior

36
Q

define narcissistic

A

exaggerated sense of self importance, craving of attention, exploits other, lack of empathy

37
Q

define borderline personality disorder

A

unstable moods and relationships
fear of abandonment
tendency for self injury
impulsive and reckless

38
Q

what is post formal thought

A

Thinking that acknowledges that adult
predicaments must sometimes be solved in
relativistic terms

39
Q

define Gisela Labouvie-Vief idea of POST FORMAL THINKING

A

Thinking during adulthood is
based on multiple criteria
including logic, morality,
comparison an values.

40
Q

define william perry’s Dualistic thinking

A

Thought that goes beyond the right and wrong.
- Possible with the ability to examine multiple perspectives.

41
Q

what is william perry’s realistic thinking

A

Take into account the socio-cultural context

42
Q

what is King and Kitchner (2004 post formal thinking

A

Reflective judgement: Capacity to identify the underlying assumptions of differing perspectives on controversial issues

43
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

Intelligence resulting from mental
processing of logic, thought and
reasoning

independent from experience

44
Q

what is Crystallized intelligence

A

Knowledge and judgement acquired
through experience and education

45
Q

what is contextual part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

problem solving occurring in every day environments

46
Q

what is componential part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

problem solving using mental abilities

47
Q

what is componential part of the Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

problem solving with prior knowledge

48
Q

what is Practical intelligence

A

Intelligence that is learned by
primarily observing others and
modelling their behaviour

49
Q

what is Emotional intelligence

A

The set of skills that underlie the
accurate assessment, evaluation,
expression, and regulation of
emotions

50
Q

define creativity

A

The combination of ideas in
novel ways

51
Q

when does creativity seem to peak

A

30-40s

52
Q

what causes higher creativity in early adulthood

A

increased exposure to situations

53
Q

what is cognitive flexibility

A

the ability to shift between
frameworks of thought and action, might under
creativity.

54
Q

what is the gender gap with higher education in early adulthood

A

women tend to attend college more than mend, trend of young adults entering higher education increases

55
Q

what is hostile sexism

A

Overtly harmful treatment
of women

56
Q

what is benevolent sexism

A

Stereotypical and restrictive treatment of women

57
Q

what is Academic disidentification

A

A lack of personal identification with an
academic domain.

58
Q

what is Stereotype Threat

A

Obstacles to performance that come from
awareness of the stereotypes held by society
about academic abilities.

59
Q

what is intrinsic motivation

A

working for personal well being and enjoyment

60
Q

what are extrinsic motivations

A

working for tangible rewards like money

61
Q

what is Valliant’s longitudal study

A

showed early adults displayed lesser autonomy when starting work
- suggested that career consolidation bridges 2 of Erikson’s stages

Critics:
- studies men, doesnt contain women or liberal views

62
Q

what is Ginsberg’s career choice theory

A

1) fantasy stage where choice is made without considering skill or opportunity

2) tentative periods where people consider a variety of options considering their abilities

3) realistic period where people explore options through experience or training

63
Q

explain Erikson’s intimacy VS isolation stage

A

period that focuses on developing close and intimate relationships with others

64
Q

what if one succeeds intimacy VS isolation stage

A

deep connections can be forms and can provide support during conflicts

65
Q

what if one fails in intimacy and isolation stage

A

development of fear of relationships and may stay isolated
can lead to social frustration and confusion stage of identity VS role

66
Q

define intimacy

A

capacity for one to engage in supportive, affectionate relationship without losing sense of self

67
Q

define the labelling theory of passionate love

A
  • cause of intense psychological arousal which can be promoted by negative emotions
68
Q

differentiate between passionate VS companionate love

A

P: state of powerful absorption in someone

C: strong affection for those involved deeply in our lives

69
Q

explain Robert Sternberg’s triangular theory

A

1) intimacy: feelings of closeness/connectedness

2) passionate: related to physiological motivation for closeness

3) decision/commitment: initial cognition that one loves another person and determination to maintain love

70
Q

what is homogamy

A

tendency to choose a mate with similar traits and demographic characteristics as oneself

71
Q

what is marriage gradient

A

tendency for men to marry younger women, smaller in size and lower in status

72
Q

explain neurobiology of love

A

dopamine and oxytocin pathways are involved in emotional attachment

73
Q

define social role theory in mate selection

A

mate selection is dependent on gender roles based on present day social realities

74
Q

define secure attachment style

A

readily enter into a relationship and is supportive

75
Q

define avoidant attachment style

A

attachment style where one is less invested and causes loneliness

76
Q

define ambivalent attachment

A

attachment style where one is overly invested and can cause insecurity

77
Q

define cohabitation

A

couples living together without being married
occurs when one isn’t ready for lifelong commitment but practice living with each other

78
Q

define singlehood and statistics

A

living without an intimate partner (20% women and 30% men)

79
Q

define hostile engaged couples

A

have frequent arguments and lack positive reactions

80
Q

define validating couples

A

partners expressing mutual respect even when in disagreement

81
Q

define avoidant couples

A

couples that don’t try to reach common ground or persuade each other

82
Q

define hostile detached couples

A

fight regularly and lack affection and support

83
Q

define volatile couples

A

couples that argue a lot but have more positive interactions

84
Q

explain motherhood earnings gap

A

a measure of how much earnings of a mother are below those women without children

85
Q

define role specialization

A

taking up different responsibilities in the care of a household

86
Q

define post-partum depression

A

depression found in mothers where they suffer fluctuating moods, heightened anxety etc.

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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