6: adolescence Flashcards by Deleted Deleted

describe physical maturation during adolescence

puberty occurs
- period with which sexual organs mature and sexual characteristics appear

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what is the physiological process of puberty

pituitary gland signals brain then endocrine glands (in adrenal gland)
- produces androgens, estrogen, and leptin (GH)
- pituitary gland also involved in growth

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what is menarche

onset of mensuration

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what can cause early menarche

better nourishment, higher body fat, and psychological stress

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what is secular trend

trend of the early onset of puberty
pattern of change that occurs over several generations

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what are primary sexual characteristics in girls

development of reproductive organs and related structures (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes

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what are secondary sexual characteristics in girls

visible signs of maturity that aren’t directly related to sex organs
- hair growth, breast development

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what is spermarche

the first ejaculation of a maturing boy

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what are primary sexual characteristics of boys

prostate glands, penis, and seminal vesicles

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what are secondary sexual characteristics of boys

facial hair, vocal chords, jawline development.

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what are common reactions to puberty in adolescence (males and females)

increase in self awareness and self esteem
increased body fat may lead to embarrassment
early maturation in boys often has a + response in comparison to girls
societal standards of attractiveness can lead to body image issues in youth

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what is early maturation vs late maturation in boys associated with

-early: scholastic difficulties and delinquent tendencies
- late: insightfulness, creativeness, smaller frame (disadvantageous in sports)

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what is early maturation vs late maturation in girls associated with

early: feelings of discomfort or increase in popularity
late: girls tend to be overlooked in popularity and dating

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how does the skeletal system develop during adolescence

in girls:
grow the most by 16 and facial structures become more prominent

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how does the heart and lungs develop during adolescence

heart and lung size increases (larger lung capacity in boys)
obesity rates increase from 3% - 10%

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how does the muscular system develop during adolescence

muscles grow thicker and denser
more strength
development of fine motor skills occur earlier than boys

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how does the brain and nervous system develop during adolescence

synaptogenesis/ synaptic pruning occurs at slow rates
grey matter volume peaks in girls
white matter increases steadily

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what changes occur in the adolescent brain

prefrontal cortex is still developing
- corpus collosum/ speech areas increase in volume
- limbic system is more developed
- lack of self regulation (of emotions/behaviours)

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what can obesity cause
- what are the obesity stats in Canada

can cause high BP, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues
20% of 12 year olds are overweight
10% are obese

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what is anorexia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada

eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat
0.5% - 5% of females in Canada develop anorexia

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what is bulimia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada

eating disorder (binge eating/purging)
1-4% females and young adults have bulimia

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what is sleep deprivation
what are consequences
what are Canadian stats

deprivation of sleep due to social or academic pressure
can cause mood swings, low concentration, and higher rates of depression
13% suffer of insomnia in Canada

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what drug is commonly used in adolescence,
what age does drug use typically arise
what are the consequences

marijuana is common in high school and above
typically arises from 13-14 years of age
- withdrawal effects, cognitive deficits, and deaths can be consequences

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what is the stat of alcohol consumption in adolescence
what are the consequences of alcoholism

11-17% of 16-17 yr olds

alcohol dependency can aggravate its neurotoxic
effects;
- reduces tissue volume from PFC and cerebellum
- Impaired cognitive functioning and motor coordination.

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In girls, sexual activity tends to show ___ interest in academics

lower

what percentage of early and mid adolescents are sexually active in Canada

30%

what percentage of alcohol consumption is associated with sexual activity

22%

what are STI's

infection spread through sexual contact

what are infection rates of STIs in females

18/1000

what are some common STIs

1) HPV 2) Chlamydia 3) Genital herpes d) AIDS

what is formal operational thinking

period with which people develop ability to think abstractly

what is systematic problem solving

the process of finding a solution to a problem by finding single factors

what is propositional thought or hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Thought that uses abstract logic in the absence of concrete examples.

what is metacognition

increased working memory capacity enables multitasking - strategically organize and summarize information better in memory

what is imaginary audience

Belief that an adolescent’s own behaviour is the focus of other people’s attention.

what is adolescent egocentrism

- self absorbed state of mind (world viewed from their POV) - selfish decisions

what are personal fables

The view held by adolescents that their experiences are completely unique

what is a task goal

- standards and desire to be more competent

what are ability goals

- desire to be better at something relative to others

what are cognitive skills

faster information processing better abstract thinking

what is socioeconomic status influence of school performance

higher SES associated with better learning resources--> better learning

how do ethnic and racial differences influence school performance

Being a marginalized minority might affect motivation levels to attend school.

how does gender influence school performance

- girls outperform boys in reading skills - boys outperform girls in math skills

what is program for international student assessment (PISA)

A world-wide assessment of how well 15-year olds can apply their academic ability to solve real-life problems

how does the self influence self esteem

relies on physical appearance, state, mental ability, personality, aspirations

how do relationships influence self esteem

how parents, siblings, family, friends, partners, teachers influence how one see's themselves

how does school influence self esteem

relies on marks, homework/study, school, post school plans

how does lifestyle influence self esteem

relies on habits of exercise, relaxing, eating/drinking, sex, entertainment, etc.

how do achievements influence self esteem

achievements in school, work, sports, artistic abilities, finances

what is ethgender

the joint influence that ethnicity and gender have on self esteem

define androgynous

when one exhibits high femininity and masculinity

define feminine

when one exhibits high femininity but low masculinity

define masculine

low femininity but high masculinity

define when gender roles are undifferentiated

low femininity and masculinity

what is psychological moratorium

when adolescents pause the process of exploring roles to take up adult responsibilities

define Erikson's identity and confusion stage

teenagers make choices to adopt roles in society and failure to conform to one may lead to confusion and emotional stress. (non-unified identity)

what emerged is there is success with eriksons identity vs confusion stage

growth in self competence increased independence helps decide career paths

what is adultification

child or adolescents prematurely take on adult responsibilities

what is emerging adulthood

transitional age between adolescents and adulthood where individuals are still exploring life

what is cultural assimilation model

individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture

what is a pluralistic model

society is made of different cultural groups retaining their individual features

what is bicultural identity

group members can integrate themselves into another culture while maintaining a multi-faceted identity

what is spirituality

sense of attachment to a higher power

what allows for abstract thinking of religion and God

advanced cognitive skills

what is James Fowlers suggested stages of spirituality

the literal view of god--> individuate/reflective stage--> conjunctive stage (mid-life crisis)

what is anxiety disorder

conditions where individuals suffer from unwarranted anxiety which impedes on normal functioning

describe depression in adolescents

more comment in girls - major source comes from low body-esteem - academic achievement and depression share a recipricol relationship

what is suicide ideation

thoughts of suicide

what are the gender differences in suicide

suicide attempts are higher in females, successful suicides and higher in males

what is cluster suicides

once suicide leads to attempts of suicide by others

define autonomy

having independence/ control over ones life

do collectivist cultures have more or less emphasis on autonomy

less--> tend to follow a hierarchy in family tree

what is the generation gap myth

deep divide in attitudes and values between 2 generations - although most adolescents mirror parental choices

what is social comparison

comparing and evaluating opinions/abilities/physical changes with others

what are reference groups

group of people with whom one compares oneself - compare their lives with peers according to norms

what are cliques

groups of 2-12 members who have frequent social interaction

what are gender relations

early adolescence --> sex segregation later adolescence --> fairly mixed gender

Undersocialized Delinquents

adolescents who were raised with little discipline or by harsh parents - tend to be rejected by peers, may be agressive

Socialized Delinquents

Delinquents who know and subscribe to norms of society, and have a fairly normal psychological profile. - petty crimes that disappear with age

6: adolescence Flashcards

(79 cards)