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PSYC 223 > 6: adolescence > Flashcards

6: adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

describe physical maturation during adolescence

A

puberty occurs
- period with which sexual organs mature and sexual characteristics appear

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2
Q

what is the physiological process of puberty

A

pituitary gland signals brain then endocrine glands (in adrenal gland)
- produces androgens, estrogen, and leptin (GH)
- pituitary gland also involved in growth

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3
Q

what is menarche

A

onset of mensuration

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4
Q

what can cause early menarche

A

better nourishment, higher body fat, and psychological stress

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5
Q

what is secular trend

A

trend of the early onset of puberty
pattern of change that occurs over several generations

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6
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics in girls

A

development of reproductive organs and related structures (ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes

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7
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics in girls

A

visible signs of maturity that aren’t directly related to sex organs
- hair growth, breast development

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8
Q

what is spermarche

A

the first ejaculation of a maturing boy

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9
Q

what are primary sexual characteristics of boys

A

prostate glands, penis, and seminal vesicles

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10
Q

what are secondary sexual characteristics of boys

A

facial hair, vocal chords, jawline development.

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11
Q

what are common reactions to puberty in adolescence (males and females)

A
  • increase in self awareness and self esteem
  • increased body fat may lead to embarrassment
  • early maturation in boys often has a + response in comparison to girls
  • societal standards of attractiveness can lead to body image issues in youth
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12
Q

what is early maturation vs late maturation in boys associated with

A

-early: scholastic difficulties and delinquent tendencies
- late: insightfulness, creativeness, smaller frame (disadvantageous in sports)

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13
Q

what is early maturation vs late maturation in girls associated with

A

early: feelings of discomfort or increase in popularity
late: girls tend to be overlooked in popularity and dating

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14
Q

how does the skeletal system develop during adolescence

A

in girls:
grow the most by 16 and facial structures become more prominent

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15
Q

how does the heart and lungs develop during adolescence

A
  • heart and lung size increases (larger lung capacity in boys)
  • obesity rates increase from 3% - 10%
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16
Q

how does the muscular system develop during adolescence

A
  • muscles grow thicker and denser
  • more strength
  • development of fine motor skills occur earlier than boys
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17
Q

how does the brain and nervous system develop during adolescence

A
  • synaptogenesis/ synaptic pruning occurs at slow rates
  • grey matter volume peaks in girls
  • white matter increases steadily
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18
Q

what changes occur in the adolescent brain

A

prefrontal cortex is still developing
- corpus collosum/ speech areas increase in volume
- limbic system is more developed
- lack of self regulation (of emotions/behaviours)

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19
Q

what can obesity cause
- what are the obesity stats in Canada

A
  • can cause high BP, diabetes, and cardiovascular issues
  • 20% of 12 year olds are overweight
  • 10% are obese
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20
Q

what is anorexia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada

A
  • eating disorder in which individuals refuse to eat
  • 0.5% - 5% of females in Canada develop anorexia
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21
Q

what is bulimia nervosa and what are the stats in Canada

A
  • eating disorder (binge eating/purging)
  • 1-4% females and young adults have bulimia
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22
Q

what is sleep deprivation
what are consequences
what are Canadian stats

A
  • deprivation of sleep due to social or academic pressure
  • can cause mood swings, low concentration, and higher rates of depression
  • 13% suffer of insomnia in Canada
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23
Q

what drug is commonly used in adolescence,
what age does drug use typically arise
what are the consequences

A

marijuana is common in high school and above
typically arises from 13-14 years of age
- withdrawal effects, cognitive deficits, and deaths can be consequences

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24
Q

what is the stat of alcohol consumption in adolescence
what are the consequences of alcoholism

A

11-17% of 16-17 yr olds

alcohol dependency can aggravate its neurotoxic
effects;
- reduces tissue volume from PFC and cerebellum
- Impaired cognitive functioning and motor coordination.

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25
Q

In girls, sexual activity tends to show ___ interest in academics

A

lower

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26
Q

what percentage of early and mid adolescents are sexually active in Canada

A

30%

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27
Q

what percentage of alcohol consumption is associated with sexual activity

A

22%

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28
Q

what are STI’s

A

infection spread through sexual contact

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29
Q

what are infection rates of STIs in females

A

18/1000

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30
Q

what are some common STIs

A

1) HPV
2) Chlamydia
3) Genital herpes
d) AIDS

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31
Q

what is formal operational thinking

A

period with which people develop ability to think abstractly

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32
Q

what is systematic problem solving

A

the process of finding a solution to a problem by finding single factors

33
Q

what is propositional thought or hypothetico-deductive reasoning

A

Thought that uses abstract
logic in the absence of
concrete examples.

34
Q

what is metacognition

A

increased working memory capacity enables multitasking
- strategically organize and summarize information better in memory

35
Q

what is imaginary audience

A

Belief that an adolescent’s own
behaviour is the focus of other
people’s attention.

36
Q

what is adolescent egocentrism

A
  • self absorbed state of mind (world viewed from their POV)
  • selfish decisions
37
Q

what are personal fables

A

The view held by adolescents
that their experiences are
completely unique

38
Q

what is a task goal

A
  • standards and desire to be more competent
39
Q

what are ability goals

A
  • desire to be better at something relative to others
40
Q

what are cognitive skills

A

faster information processing
better abstract thinking

41
Q

what is socioeconomic status influence of school performance

A

higher SES associated with better learning resources–> better learning

42
Q

how do ethnic and racial differences influence school performance

A

Being a marginalized
minority might affect
motivation levels to
attend school.

43
Q

how does gender influence school performance

A
  • girls outperform boys in reading skills
  • boys outperform girls in math skills
44
Q

what is program for international student assessment (PISA)

A

A world-wide assessment of
how well 15-year olds can apply
their academic ability to solve
real-life problems

45
Q

how does the self influence self esteem

A

relies on physical appearance, state, mental ability, personality, aspirations

46
Q

how do relationships influence self esteem

A

how parents, siblings, family, friends, partners, teachers influence how one see’s themselves

47
Q

how does school influence self esteem

A

relies on marks, homework/study, school, post school plans

48
Q

how does lifestyle influence self esteem

A

relies on habits of exercise, relaxing, eating/drinking, sex, entertainment, etc.

49
Q

how do achievements influence self esteem

A

achievements in school, work, sports, artistic abilities, finances

50
Q

what is ethgender

A

the joint influence that ethnicity and gender have on self esteem

51
Q

define androgynous

A

when one exhibits high femininity and masculinity

52
Q

define feminine

A

when one exhibits high femininity but low masculinity

53
Q

define masculine

A

low femininity but high masculinity

54
Q

define when gender roles are undifferentiated

A

low femininity and masculinity

55
Q

what is psychological moratorium

A

when adolescents pause the process of exploring roles to take up adult responsibilities

56
Q

define Erikson’s identity and confusion stage

A

teenagers make choices to adopt roles in society and failure to conform to one may lead to confusion and emotional stress. (non-unified identity)

57
Q

what emerged is there is success with eriksons identity vs confusion stage

A

growth in self competence
increased independence
helps decide career paths

58
Q

what is adultification

A

child or adolescents prematurely take on adult responsibilities

59
Q

what is emerging adulthood

A

transitional age between adolescents and adulthood where individuals are still exploring life

60
Q

what is cultural assimilation model

A

individual cultural identities should be assimilated into a unified culture

61
Q

what is a pluralistic model

A

society is made of different cultural groups retaining their individual features

62
Q

what is bicultural identity

A

group members can integrate themselves into another culture while maintaining a multi-faceted identity

63
Q

what is spirituality

A

sense of attachment to a higher power

64
Q

what allows for abstract thinking of religion and God

A

advanced cognitive skills

65
Q

what is James Fowlers suggested stages of spirituality

A

the literal view of god–> individuate/reflective stage–> conjunctive stage (mid-life crisis)

66
Q

what is anxiety disorder

A

conditions where individuals suffer from unwarranted anxiety which impedes on normal functioning

67
Q

describe depression in adolescents

A

more comment in girls
- major source comes from low body-esteem
- academic achievement and depression share a recipricol relationship

68
Q

what is suicide ideation

A

thoughts of suicide

69
Q

what are the gender differences in suicide

A

suicide attempts are higher in females,
successful suicides and higher in males

70
Q

what is cluster suicides

A

once suicide leads to attempts of suicide by others

71
Q

define autonomy

A

having independence/ control over ones life

72
Q

do collectivist cultures have more or less emphasis on autonomy

A

less–> tend to follow a hierarchy in family tree

73
Q

what is the generation gap myth

A

deep divide in attitudes and values between 2 generations
- although most adolescents mirror parental choices

74
Q

what is social comparison

A

comparing and evaluating opinions/abilities/physical changes with others

75
Q

what are reference groups

A

group of people with whom one compares oneself
- compare their lives with peers according to norms

76
Q

what are cliques

A

groups of 2-12 members who have frequent social interaction

77
Q

what are gender relations

A

early adolescence
–> sex segregation

later adolescence
–> fairly mixed gender

78
Q

Undersocialized Delinquents

A

adolescents who were raised with little discipline or by harsh parents
- tend to be rejected by peers, may be agressive

79
Q

Socialized Delinquents

A

Delinquents who know and subscribe to norms of society, and have a fairly normal psychological profile.

  • petty crimes that disappear with age

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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