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PSYC 223 > 5: Middle Childhood > Flashcards

5: Middle Childhood Flashcards

(112 cards)

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1
Q

what factors influence height

A

-nutrition

-health conditions (illnesses/stresses that restrict growth)
(stress hormones impact pit. gland which impedes release of growth hormone

-racial and ethnic differences

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2
Q

which sex grows faster, what are the average heights of boys and girls

A

females grow faster
avg height of girls= 4’11
avg height of boys= 4’ 9.5

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3
Q

how does adequate nutrition effect cognitive, emotional, and social development

A

cognitive: attentiveness, more responsiveness
emotional: better emotional regulation
social: prosocial behavior

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4
Q

what can obesity lead to

A

heart conditions, low self-control practice, respiratory problems

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5
Q

why do middle childhood children see a reduction in activity levels

A
  • tendency to socialize indoors
  • increased screen time
  • increased snacking habits
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6
Q

explain motor development of children in middle childhood

A

increased muscle coordination/ dexterity
- sex difference: women become more accurate in movement, men increase in forcefulness of activity

caused by increased myelination of motor neurons

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7
Q

what is selective attention

A

ability to focus on important elements of a problem or situation

increased myelination of reticular function– enhances attention

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8
Q

what is association areas

A

regions of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked

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9
Q

what is spatial cognition

A

ability to infer and make predictions about movement of objects in space

  • boys have tendency for exploration/construction which can help in development of spatial cognition
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10
Q

what is spatial perception

A

skill to identify relationships between objects in space
improved with improved spatial cognition

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11
Q

where does development focus on in the brain during middle childhood

A

development focused on frontal lobes of cerebral cortex
- improves attention, logic, and planning

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12
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic condition with periodic attacks of respiratory issues
- can be caused by allergies, poor air quality, and stress

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13
Q

which sex is likely to frequent accidents

A

boys
- frequently automobile accidents due to improper road safety

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14
Q

explain cyber safety

A

exposure to media can lead to viewing of dangerous material/ loss of privacy

  • parental supervision is encouraged
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15
Q

what percentage of psychological issues do children have // what are the treatments
-depression
-anxiety

A

depression–> 5%
anxiety –> 13%

treatments
- counselling
- antidepressants

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16
Q

what are potential risks of anti depressants for children

A

withdrawal, overdosing, self harming tendency

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17
Q

what is the acuity of blindness

A

acuity= 20/200

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18
Q

what is the acuity of partial sightedness

A

acuity= 20/70

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19
Q

what is childhood onset fluency disorder

A

a disruption is fluency of speech
- stuttering can cause low self esteem

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20
Q

what is dyslexia , what is the cause

A

problems with reading and writing,
- involves lack of morphological awareness (ability to understand words)

  • structural/functional differences in brain
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21
Q

what is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, what are the causes and treatments

A

mental disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and high levels of activity

  • caused by delay in neural development
  • treated with Ritalin/dextrine/behavioral therapy/dietary routines
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22
Q

what % of boys and girls have adhd in canada

A

boys= 3.7%
girls= 1.5%

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23
Q

what is decentering- what piaget stage is it associated with

A

ability to take in multiple aspects
ability to understand concepts of speed, time and distance

  • concrete operational stage
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24
Q

what is reversibility- what piaget stage is it associated with

A

understanding that some changes can be undone

  • congrete operational stage
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25
what is inductive logic
type of reasoning where general principles are inferred from specific cases
26
what is deductive logic
Type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises, requires predicting specific outcomes from general principles
27
what is class inclusion
understanding that subsets are included in larger categories
28
what is horizontal decalage
slow shift from preoperational stage to concrete operational stage
29
explain some evidence that goes against piagets theories of logical development
1) some children show that logical abilities emerge earlier than piagets predictions 2) training in language development can change how children perform of piagets tests (training--> perform better logic than without training)
30
what is rule 1 of sieglers rules for problem solving
preoperational stage: taking into account 1 dimension
31
what is rule 2 of sieglers rules for problem solving
transitional stage: take into account some part of other dimensions
32
what is rule 3 of sieglers rules for problem solving
concrete operational stage take into account multiple dimensions with some limitation
33
what is rule 4 of sieglers rules for problem solving
operational thought understanding how all dimensions play a role in the problem
34
what is automaticity
recalling information from long term memory without using short term memory
35
what is rehearsal with reference to information processing approach
repetition of info
36
what is organization with reference to information processing approach
grouping ideas into categories
37
what is elaboration with reference to information processing approach
Find a shared meaning or link between objects to be remembered
38
what is systematic research with reference to information processing approach
scanning one memory using bits pf info
39
what are mnemonics with reference to information processing approach
a musical device used to remember info
40
what is vygotsky's approach of cooperative learning
children work in groups to achieve a common goal
41
what is vygotsky's approach to reciprical learning
technique of teaching involving students to take on teachers role
42
how much does vocabulary increase between 9-11 years old
19,000
43
what is intonation
tone of a sentence implying a particular meaning
44
what is metalinguistic awareness, by what age do children develop it
an understanding of one's own language - 7/8
45
6-8 year olds use a form of private speech to practice ____
self-control
46
what % of canadians are both english and french
17%
47
bilingualism leads to increased ...
cognitive flexibility, response inhibition, creativity
48
what is the 0 stage of reading
0-1st grade letter identification
49
what is the 1st stage of reading
1st- 2nd grade phonological skills
50
what is the 2nd stage of reading
2nd- 3rd grade read with fluency but don't understand meaning entirely
51
what is the 3rd stage of reading
4-8 grade uses reading as a tool but cant accommodate multiple perspectives
52
what is the 4TH stage of reading
8+ grades huge vocabulary and comprehension skills
53
what is the code based approach of teaching to read
focus on individual underlying components of reading - systemic phonics - guided reading
54
what is systematic phonics
Beginning with simple letter-sound correspondence and then moving ahead
55
what is guided reading
Teacher helps children in small groups read out aloud
56
what is whole language approach to teaching reading
Looks at reading as a natural process that can be acquired through stories, poems, guessing meanings
57
what are achievement tests
designed to assess specific information learn in school - compares child to peers
58
what are assessments
formal and informal methods used for promoting children learning - helps students find ways to improve
59
what is evaluation
assigning a grade to a child's most consistent level of performance - compares performance with age appropriate provincial standards
60
what is the binet test
test that corresponds with academic performance, used to distinguish between slow and fast learning
61
what is stanford binet test
series of age appropriate items that ask about every day activities
62
how do you calculate Intelligent score
IQ= MA (mental age)/ CA (chronological age)
63
what is chronological age
actual age
64
what is mental age
typical intelligence found for people at a given chronological age
65
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
score broken into a verbal and non verbal skills
66
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
test the ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli and use sequential thinking
67
what is fluid intelligence
ability to solve problems with reason and logic
68
what is crystallized intelligence
ability to solve problems using accumulated experience, knowledge, and skill
69
what is componential intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence
intelligence focused on logic, abstract thinking, verbal skills, and mathematical skills
70
what is experiential intelligence in Triarchic theory of intelligence
using existing knowledge and skills in order to deal with new problems/situations
71
what is contextual intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence
information one gains from analyzing new content and how people interact in it.
72
what factors can influence IQ
- culture - variations of language - gene X environment interaction - socioeconomic factors
73
what IQ is mid intellectual disability
IQ= 55-70 can function independently and successfully
74
what IQ is moderate intellectual disability
IQ= 35-50 / 40-55 slow language and motor development, low progress after 2nd grade
75
what IQ is severe intellectual disability
IQ= 20-40 major speech impairment and requires high care
76
what IQ is profound intellectual disability
IQ< 20 major speech impairment needs high level of care
77
what does it mean when one is gifted and talented
high performance in intllect, creativity, and specific academic fields
78
what is the psychological self
understanding that an individual can be viewed in terms of certain psychological traits
79
what is a trait
stable pattern of responding to specific situations
80
what is extraversion
active, outgoing, and enthusiastic
81
what is agreeableness
affectionate, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, trusting
82
what is conscientiousness
efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, and responsible
83
what is neuroticism
anxious, self pity, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying
84
what is openness/intellect
artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original
85
what is reciprocal determinism
Emotional/cognitive, behavioral and environmental factors interact to influence self competence
86
define Self-Esteem
An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation - can be promoted by authoritative parenting w constructive criticism
87
define Self-efficacy
An individual’s belief in their capacity to execute intended actions
88
what is Social identity theory
explains how being a racial minority potentially affects self esteem.
89
what is Piaget’s moral realism stage
Children believe that rules are fixed and unchangeable
90
what is Piaget’s moral relativism stage
Children believe that rules can be changed through social agreement
91
what is stage 1 Preconventional Morality
Obedience and punishment orientation
92
what is stage 2 Preconventional Morality
reward orientation
93
what is stage 1 of conventional morality
good boy morality
94
what is stage 2 of conventional morality
Authority and Social order maintaining morality
95
what is stage 5 Postconventional morality
Morality of contract, individual rights and law
96
what is stage 6 Postconventional morality
Morality of individual principles and conscience
97
what is stage 1 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on others behavior - shared interests and toys - 4-7 years
98
what is stage 2 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on trust - children take into account qualities and reciprocal trust - 8-10 years
99
what is stage 3 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship
friendship based on psychological closeness - based on closeness, loyalty, and mutual understanding - 11-15
100
what is social competence
Social skills that permit individuals to perform successfully in a social setting
101
what is social problem solving
Using strategies to successfully solve social conflicts
102
what is learned helplessness
Unpopular children may feel trapped in their situation
103
what is physical bullying
physical harm of victims
104
what is relational bullying
attack on child's self esteem or reputation
105
what is cyber bullying
spreading malicious information about victims online
106
bullying victims tend to
have lower social skills, face anxiety, and suffer from mental health issues
107
bullies tend to come from
abusive homes low socioeconomic status families tendencies for lying
108
what is Dominance Hierarchy
Ranking that represent the relative social power of those in a group
109
what is self regulation
The ability to control behaviour according to to appropriate standards without direct supervision
110
what are self care children
Those who take care of themselves in while parents are at work.
111
what is Free-range parenting:
: Parenting style that encourages children’s independence by giving them autonomy
112
how does poverty effect children
- poor academics - increased stress -unsupportive parenting - susceptibility to chronic disease

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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