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PSYC 223 > 5: Middle Childhood > Flashcards

5: Middle Childhood Flashcards

1
Q

what factors influence height

A

-nutrition

-health conditions (illnesses/stresses that restrict growth)
(stress hormones impact pit. gland which impedes release of growth hormone

-racial and ethnic differences

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2
Q

which sex grows faster, what are the average heights of boys and girls

A

females grow faster
avg height of girls= 4’11
avg height of boys= 4’ 9.5

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3
Q

how does adequate nutrition effect cognitive, emotional, and social development

A

cognitive: attentiveness, more responsiveness
emotional: better emotional regulation
social: prosocial behavior

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4
Q

what can obesity lead to

A

heart conditions, low self-control practice, respiratory problems

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5
Q

why do middle childhood children see a reduction in activity levels

A
  • tendency to socialize indoors
  • increased screen time
  • increased snacking habits
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6
Q

explain motor development of children in middle childhood

A

increased muscle coordination/ dexterity
- sex difference: women become more accurate in movement, men increase in forcefulness of activity

caused by increased myelination of motor neurons

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7
Q

what is selective attention

A

ability to focus on important elements of a problem or situation

increased myelination of reticular function– enhances attention

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8
Q

what is association areas

A

regions of the brain where sensory, motor, and intellectual functions are linked

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9
Q

what is spatial cognition

A

ability to infer and make predictions about movement of objects in space

  • boys have tendency for exploration/construction which can help in development of spatial cognition
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10
Q

what is spatial perception

A

skill to identify relationships between objects in space
improved with improved spatial cognition

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11
Q

where does development focus on in the brain during middle childhood

A

development focused on frontal lobes of cerebral cortex
- improves attention, logic, and planning

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12
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic condition with periodic attacks of respiratory issues
- can be caused by allergies, poor air quality, and stress

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13
Q

which sex is likely to frequent accidents

A

boys
- frequently automobile accidents due to improper road safety

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14
Q

explain cyber safety

A

exposure to media can lead to viewing of dangerous material/ loss of privacy

  • parental supervision is encouraged
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15
Q

what percentage of psychological issues do children have // what are the treatments
-depression
-anxiety

A

depression–> 5%
anxiety –> 13%

treatments
- counselling
- antidepressants

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16
Q

what are potential risks of anti depressants for children

A

withdrawal, overdosing, self harming tendency

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17
Q

what is the acuity of blindness

A

acuity= 20/200

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18
Q

what is the acuity of partial sightedness

A

acuity= 20/70

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19
Q

what is childhood onset fluency disorder

A

a disruption is fluency of speech
- stuttering can cause low self esteem

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20
Q

what is dyslexia , what is the cause

A

problems with reading and writing,
- involves lack of morphological awareness (ability to understand words)

  • structural/functional differences in brain
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21
Q

what is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, what are the causes and treatments

A

mental disorder marked by inattention, impulsiveness, and high levels of activity

  • caused by delay in neural development
  • treated with Ritalin/dextrine/behavioral therapy/dietary routines
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22
Q

what % of boys and girls have adhd in canada

A

boys= 3.7%
girls= 1.5%

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23
Q

what is decentering- what piaget stage is it associated with

A

ability to take in multiple aspects
ability to understand concepts of speed, time and distance

  • concrete operational stage
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24
Q

what is reversibility- what piaget stage is it associated with

A

understanding that some changes can be undone

  • congrete operational stage
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25
Q

what is inductive logic

A

type of reasoning where general principles are inferred from specific cases

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26
Q

what is deductive logic

A

Type of reasoning based on hypothetical premises, requires predicting specific outcomes from general principles

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27
Q

what is class inclusion

A

understanding that subsets are included in larger categories

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28
Q

what is horizontal decalage

A

slow shift from preoperational stage to concrete operational stage

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29
Q

explain some evidence that goes against piagets theories of logical development

A

1) some children show that logical abilities emerge earlier than piagets predictions

2) training in language development can change how children perform of piagets tests
(training–> perform better logic than without training)

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30
Q

what is rule 1 of sieglers rules for problem solving

A

preoperational stage:
taking into account 1 dimension

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31
Q

what is rule 2 of sieglers rules for problem solving

A

transitional stage:
take into account some part of other dimensions

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32
Q

what is rule 3 of sieglers rules for problem solving

A

concrete operational stage
take into account multiple dimensions with some limitation

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33
Q

what is rule 4 of sieglers rules for problem solving

A

operational thought
understanding how all dimensions play a role in the problem

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34
Q

what is automaticity

A

recalling information from long term memory without using short term memory

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35
Q

what is rehearsal with reference to information processing approach

A

repetition of info

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36
Q

what is organization with reference to information processing approach

A

grouping ideas into categories

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37
Q

what is elaboration with reference to information processing approach

A

Find a shared meaning or link
between objects to be
remembered

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38
Q

what is systematic research with reference to information processing approach

A

scanning one memory using bits pf info

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39
Q

what are mnemonics with reference to information processing approach

A

a musical device used to remember info

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40
Q

what is vygotsky’s approach of cooperative learning

A

children work in groups to achieve a common goal

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41
Q

what is vygotsky’s approach to reciprical learning

A

technique of teaching involving students to take on teachers role

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42
Q

how much does vocabulary increase between 9-11 years old

A

19,000

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43
Q

what is intonation

A

tone of a sentence implying a particular meaning

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44
Q

what is metalinguistic awareness, by what age do children develop it

A

an understanding of one’s own language
- 7/8

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45
Q

6-8 year olds use a form of private speech to practice ____

A

self-control

46
Q

what % of canadians are both english and french

A

17%

47
Q

bilingualism leads to increased …

A

cognitive flexibility,
response inhibition,
creativity

48
Q

what is the 0 stage of reading

A

0-1st grade
letter identification

49
Q

what is the 1st stage of reading

A

1st- 2nd grade
phonological skills

50
Q

what is the 2nd stage of reading

A

2nd- 3rd grade
read with fluency but don’t understand meaning entirely

51
Q

what is the 3rd stage of reading

A

4-8 grade
uses reading as a tool but cant accommodate multiple perspectives

52
Q

what is the 4TH stage of reading

A

8+ grades
huge vocabulary and comprehension skills

53
Q

what is the code based approach of teaching to read

A

focus on individual underlying components of reading
- systemic phonics
- guided reading

54
Q

what is systematic phonics

A

Beginning with simple
letter-sound
correspondence and then
moving ahead

55
Q

what is guided reading

A

Teacher
helps children in small
groups read out aloud

56
Q

what is whole language approach to teaching reading

A

Looks at reading as a natural
process that can be acquired
through stories, poems,
guessing meanings

57
Q

what are achievement tests

A

designed to assess specific information learn in school
- compares child to peers

58
Q

what are assessments

A

formal and informal methods used for promoting children learning
- helps students find ways to improve

59
Q

what is evaluation

A

assigning a grade to a child’s most consistent level of performance
- compares performance with age appropriate provincial standards

60
Q

what is the binet test

A

test that corresponds with academic performance, used to distinguish between slow and fast learning

61
Q

what is stanford binet test

A

series of age appropriate items that ask about every day activities

62
Q

how do you calculate Intelligent score

A

IQ= MA (mental age)/ CA (chronological age)

63
Q

what is chronological age

A

actual age

64
Q

what is mental age

A

typical intelligence found for people at a given chronological age

65
Q

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

A

score broken into a verbal and non verbal skills

66
Q

Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

A

test the ability to integrate different kinds of stimuli and use sequential thinking

67
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

ability to solve problems with reason and logic

68
Q

what is crystallized intelligence

A

ability to solve problems using accumulated experience, knowledge, and skill

69
Q

what is componential intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

intelligence focused on logic, abstract thinking, verbal skills, and mathematical skills

70
Q

what is experiential intelligence in Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

using existing knowledge and skills in order to deal with new problems/situations

71
Q

what is contextual intelligence in the Triarchic theory of intelligence

A

information one gains from analyzing new content and how people interact in it.

72
Q

what factors can influence IQ

A
  • culture
  • variations of language
  • gene X environment interaction
  • socioeconomic factors
73
Q

what IQ is mid intellectual disability

A

IQ= 55-70
can function independently and successfully

74
Q

what IQ is moderate intellectual disability

A

IQ= 35-50 / 40-55
slow language and motor development, low progress after 2nd grade

75
Q

what IQ is severe intellectual disability

A

IQ= 20-40
major speech impairment and requires high care

76
Q

what IQ is profound intellectual disability

A

IQ< 20
major speech impairment
needs high level of care

77
Q

what does it mean when one is gifted and talented

A

high performance in intllect, creativity, and specific academic fields

78
Q

what is the psychological self

A

understanding that an individual can be viewed in terms of certain psychological traits

79
Q

what is a trait

A

stable pattern of responding to specific situations

80
Q

what is extraversion

A

active, outgoing, and enthusiastic

81
Q

what is agreeableness

A

affectionate, forgiving, kind, sympathetic, trusting

82
Q

what is conscientiousness

A

efficient, organized, prudent, reliable, and responsible

83
Q

what is neuroticism

A

anxious, self pity, tense, touchy, unstable, worrying

84
Q

what is openness/intellect

A

artistic, curious, imaginative, insightful, original

85
Q

what is reciprocal determinism

A

Emotional/cognitive, behavioral and environmental
factors interact to influence self competence

86
Q

define Self-Esteem

A

An individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self evaluation
- can be promoted by authoritative parenting w constructive criticism

87
Q

define Self-efficacy

A

An individual’s belief in their capacity to execute intended actions

88
Q

what is Social identity theory

A

explains how being a
racial minority potentially affects self esteem.

89
Q

what is Piaget’s moral realism stage

A

Children believe that rules are fixed and unchangeable

90
Q

what is Piaget’s moral relativism stage

A

Children believe that rules can be changed through
social agreement

91
Q

what is stage 1 Preconventional Morality

A

Obedience and punishment orientation

92
Q

what is stage 2 Preconventional Morality

A

reward orientation

93
Q

what is stage 1 of conventional morality

A

good boy morality

94
Q

what is stage 2 of conventional morality

A

Authority and Social order maintaining morality

95
Q

what is stage 5 Postconventional morality

A

Morality of contract, individual rights and law

96
Q

what is stage 6 Postconventional morality

A

Morality of individual principles and conscience

97
Q

what is stage 1 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship

A

friendship based on others behavior
- shared interests and toys
- 4-7 years

98
Q

what is stage 2 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship

A

friendship based on trust
- children take into account qualities and reciprocal trust
- 8-10 years

99
Q

what is stage 3 of Damon’s Stages of Friendship

A

friendship based on psychological closeness
- based on closeness, loyalty, and mutual understanding
- 11-15

100
Q

what is social competence

A

Social skills that permit individuals to
perform successfully in a social setting

101
Q

what is social problem solving

A

Using strategies to successfully solve
social conflicts

102
Q

what is learned helplessness

A

Unpopular children may feel trapped in their situation

103
Q

what is physical bullying

A

physical harm of victims

104
Q

what is relational bullying

A

attack on child’s self esteem or reputation

105
Q

what is cyber bullying

A

spreading malicious information about victims online

106
Q

bullying victims tend to

A

have lower social skills, face anxiety, and suffer from mental health issues

107
Q

bullies tend to come from

A

abusive homes
low socioeconomic status families
tendencies for lying

108
Q

what is Dominance Hierarchy

A

Ranking that represent the
relative social power of
those in a group

109
Q

what is self regulation

A

The ability to control behaviour
according to to appropriate
standards without direct supervision

110
Q

what are self care children

A

Those who take care of
themselves in while parents are at work.

111
Q

what is Free-range parenting:

A

: Parenting style that
encourages children’s independence by
giving them autonomy

112
Q

how does poverty effect children

A
  • poor academics
  • increased stress
    -unsupportive parenting
  • susceptibility to chronic disease

PSYC 223 (6 decks)

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